Internet Issues in Smes Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3663 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Engineering Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? E-COMMERCE ISSUES AMONG SMEs IN MALAYSIA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 0Introduction1 2. 0Internet Commerce – An Overview3 3. 0The Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia5 4. 0Issues of e-Commerce among SMEs in Malaysia6 5. 0Advantages e-Commerce for SMEs in Malaysia9 6. 0Advantages e-Commerce for SMEs in Malaysia12 7. 0Barriers to successful e-commerce application by SMEs in Malaysia14 8. 0Conclusion16 References17 1 Introduction Information and communication technologies (ICT) are radically changing the competitiveness of organizations (Cohen and Kallirroi, 2006). Brian (1998) defined electronic commerce as the use of electronic methods, means and procedures to conduct various forms of business activity in cyberspace, which he stated has become a priority for many corporations within the context of ICT, since managers see it as a way to overcome certain limitations of the traditional distribution channels. There are many studies which showed that e-commerce development offers a promising way for business to meet the challenges of this dynamic environment. Electronic commerce provides effective and efficient ways such as gathering information rapidly about the availability of the products or services, evaluate or negotiate with vendors and so on (Jetol, Obit, Asing and Tanakinjal, 2005). SMEs face many challenges especially in a globalized environment, including a lack of financing, low productivity, a lack of managerial capabilities, access to management and technology, and a heavy regulatory burden. In the Malaysian context, APEC Survey (1994), the SMI development Plan, 2001-2005 (SMIDEC, 2002), Ting (2004), the UPS survey (2005) and others showed that SMES face major problems such as lack of access to loans, limited adoption of technology, lack of human resources and competition from MNCs and globalization. The purpose of this paper is to highlight issues pertaining to e-business, particularly with relation to SMEs in Malaysia. The specif ic objectives of this paper are stated below: a) To present a brief overview of e-commerce and SMES in Malaysian context; ) To highlights issues of internet businesses among SMEs in Malaysia; and c) To explain the advantages of disadvantages of e-business for SMEs in Malaysia. Internet Commerce – An Overview The millennium era of the 21st century embraces a new way of doing business – the virtual trading or electronic commerce. E-commerce, as defined by Wigand (1997), is about the use of electronic connection to conduct economic activities while others. Turban, Lee, King and Chung (2002) added that e-commerce is about use of computer networks and the Internet infrastructure as a medium of business transactions. The World Trade Organization (1998) stated that e-commerce is about usage of the Internet as the Internet provides platform for companies to conduct exchange and transactions from e-mails, leisure reading, browsing to selling, purchasing and providing service s. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) expanded the definition of e-commerce, seen from four different perspectives: communication, business process, service and online. Lewis and Cockrill (2002) added two more perspectives: connectivity and adoption ladder. The connectivity aspect includes the use of web sites, e-mail or EDI whereas the adoption ladder focuses on the full business processes participation including messaging, online marketing, online ordering, online payment, order/progress/online sales support and e-business (Daniel, Wilson and Myers 2002). According to Malaysian Minister of Energy, Communications and Multimedia during the launching of the National E-Commerce Expo 2002, business to consumer (B2C) and business to business (B2B) E-Commerce activities in Malaysia are set to increase its potential revenues by almost nine fold from USD1. 5 billion in 2002 to USD9. billion by 2005. MATRADE (2003) reported that domestic online sales totaled RM46 million in 1999, however, seve ral State and commercial agencies estimated a rise to between RM750 million and RM1 billion by 2003. Electronic business, also known as e-business is defined as the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business. E-business involves business processes spanning the entire  value chain: electronic purchasing and  supply chain management, processing orders electronically, handling customer service, and cooperating with business partners. E-business is conducted via the Web, the Internet, Intranets, extranets or some combinations of these (Timmers, 2000). It is a term usually confused with e-commerce. Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic commerce focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with individuals, groups and other busi nesses. Basically, e-commerce is the process of buying, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and/or information via computer networks, including the internet (Beynon-Davis, 2004). The Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia The small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia are basically divided into two groups: the first comprises of manufacturing and agro-based industries with fewer than 150 full-time employees or with annual sales turnover not exceeding RM25 million. The second group consists of services, agriculture and information and communication technology (CT) with fewer than 50 full-time employees and annual sales turnover not exceeding RM5 million (Ramayah, 2004). SMEs play a vital role in the Malaysian economy and are considered as the backbone of industrial development in the country (Alias, Mimi Liana and Amin Mahir, 2008). SMEs comprise of 99. 2% of businesses in Malaysia and contributed about 47. 3% of the GDP and employing 65. 3% of the nationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s workforce (Ramayah et al, 2009). In 2005, output from SMEs registered an average annual growth rate of 5. percent which contributed to an increase in total manufacturing output from 22. 1 percent in 1996 to 29. 6 percent in 2005. Also, the growth of value-added by SMEs was 9. 2 percent, compared with the overall growth of 9. 8 per cent for the manufacturing sector in 2005. The SMEs also employed 394,670 workers in 2005, representing 31. 1 percent of total employment in the manufacturing sector, compared with 329,848 workers, or 29. 6 percent, in 1996. In terms of trade, SMEs exported 25. 6 percent of their total output in 2005, compared with 20. percent in 1996 (National Productivity Centre, 2005). Issues of e-Commerce among SMEs in Malaysia The use of Internet in business is now a common application. In particular, e-commerce application is a well-accepted tool to improve effectiveness and efficiency of a firm’s operation (Rosli and Noor Azizi, 2008). According to U NCTAD (2003), e-commerce enables the firm’s market to expand as well as ensures new business models and embraces globalization. However, Daniel and Grinshaw (2002) noted that large firms are more dominant and more pervasive than SMEs as far as e-commerce is concerned. Nevertheless, SMEs also benefit from use of Internet and e-commerce. Rosli and Noor Azizi (2008) argued that e-commerce fits better the SMEs because of their less complicated structures that make them more easily adapt to any changes. It is pertinent that SMEs adopt e-commerce in their business operation as SMEs represent the largest proportion of established businesses in most countries. This implies that SMEs plays a greater role towards the nation’s growth with respect to the economic, employment as well as gross domestic product (GDP). It is obvious that information and communication technology (ICT) becomes one of the potential means to facilitate their business operations (UNCTAD, 2003). Thus, enabling IT helps them to respond to business environmental pressures, to fulfill customers’ demand, and to face globalization challenge (Bernades Verville, 2005). As Malaysia moves toward the IT era, SMEs face huge setbacks because they are not ready to use such technology to remain competitive. The Star (July 17, 2001) stated that the Malaysian SMI Association revealed only 30% of the local SMIs have their own Website; worse, not all of these sites are regularly updated. This implies that use of such technology is not wide among SMEs. The SMI Association of Malaysia in its 2004 annual report showed that e-commerce had contributed only 5. 0% (USD451. 6 million or RM1,592. 6 million) of the business-to-business (B2B) market of Malaysia. This implies that e-commerce activities has slow adoption rate among SMEs (Nitty and Nolila, 2009). According to a survey by MPC from June to December 2009 on 296 SME companies, only 17 per cent of the respondents had e-commerce transacti ons during the year (Bernama, 2010). The Federation of the Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM) identified three factors that are sources of SMEs usage problems of information technology: (1) Lack of awareness in the importance of IT in SMEs; (2) Low distribution of IT usage in SMEs; and (3) Business associations are not good role models in state-of-the-art IT usage (www. fmm. org. my, 2001). Bernama (March 16, 2010) also quoted Malaysian Productivity Corporation (MPC) which stated that the adoption and implementation of e-commerce has not been widely embraced by the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), particularly in enhancing their productivity and competitiveness. Mohd Razali Hussain, MPC’s Director General stated that the main reasons are: lack of understanding of e-commerce benefits and a refusal to leave the comfort zone; and perceived high cost. Brown (2002) stated that there are several reasons why SMEs owners are not adopting e-commerce, which are: (1) E-commerce was seen to be a distraction from core business; (2) significant perceived cost and risks associated with e-commerce; (3) Lack of strategic vision; and (4) Lack of realization of value/benefits of e-commerce to individual SMEs. Engsbo et al. 2002) and Scupola (2002) believed that most SMEs adopt e-commerce in a â€Å"just-by-chance† or casual manner and not because of a consequence of systematic consideration and planning. Shireen and Ainin (2001) noted that security issues are also considered as the main barrier to implementation of e-commerce. They elaborated that organizations were reluctant to use e-commerce because they felt the transactions conducted electronically were open to hackers and viruses, which are beyond their control. They were also skeptical about the security measures that were implemented to safeguard on-line payment transactions. Others cited factors such as insufficient Internet facilities leading to slow speed of Internet connection, resistance to chan ge regular business methods, ‘wait and see’ attitude among companies and the issue of Internet security and trust as the reasons for not adopting e-commerce in their business models. It was also shown that many companies in Malaysia are still comfortable with their old ways and rather slow to adopt and adapt e-commerce as a tool to better manage their business (Le and Koh, 2002; Liew, 2002); Mohd Zulkifli, 2001); Sulaiman, 2000); and Suraya, 2005). Advantages e-Commerce for SMEs in Malaysia The use of e-commerce has many advantages as well as disadvantages, in relation to SMEs. Raymond et al. (2003) stated that the use of e-commerce positively influence firm performances specifically firm growth where as Johnston et al (2007) mentioned that it favors financial gain while Teo (2007) believes that e-commerce contributes to competitive advantages. Sam and Leng (2006) noted that the benefits from e-commerce are positively associated with the extent of e-commerce usage. F irms with more advanced EC applications tend to reap greater benefit in term of efficiency than those with limited use of such applications (Beck et al. 2005). Bernama (2010) quoted Mohd Razali Hussain, MPC’s Director General who said, â€Å"E-commerce provides opportunity to participate in global production networks that are becoming more prevalent in many industries and the ability to tap resources such as labour, capital and knowledge. † Thus, e-commerce provides many advantages to SMEs businesses. Internet is therefore, a new means of conducting, managing and executing business transactions using modern Information Technology. The Internet provides access 24 hours a day, seven days a week – any time anywhere. Hence, time and place are no longer the binding factors. In essence, the Internet is allowing businesses to enter niche markets at no additional cost (Kleindl 2000). The benefits and advantages of e-commerce can be gleaned from success of firms such as Cisco Systems, Dell Computer and General Electric which show impressive payoffs by making the Internet a key element in their strategies and business models, and by transforming their â€Å"brick-and-mortar† operations into e-business organizations. Cisco Systems and Dell Computer report in excess of 250% return on invested capital and over USD 650,000 in revenue per employee from their e-business operations. They also have the highest gross profit margin in their respective industries (Ramayah, Lim and Mohamed, 2006). A survey finding of over 400 information technology managers worldwide showed that SMEs that make effective use of Internet opportunities may also find that they are more innovative, faster in responding to environmental demands, and better able to quickly change or adapt business models to gain competitive advantage (Engler 1999). Kartiwi and MacGregor (2007) stated that for SMEs, e-commerce has the potential to become a source of competitive advantage. E-commerce is a cost effective way of accessing customers globally and competing on par with large businesses. Lee (2001) suggests that e-commerce may alter the outlook of businesses from one that is focused on lean manufacturing (termed as economics of scarcity) to a focus on information which he terms as economics of abundance. In fact, the Internet Economy Indicators (2003) stated that SMEs using the Internet have grown 46% faster than their counterparts who do not use the Internet (Bajaj Nag, 1999; Khiang Chye, 2002; Scupola, 2003). Advantages e-Commerce for SMEs in Malaysia There are however, some disadvantages of employing e-commerce by small and medium companies. According to the research done by  Commerce. Net  in 2000 of the top 10 barriers to E-commerce, the main disadvantage of E-commerce is the lack of a business model, lack of trust and key public infrastructure, slow navigation on the Internet, the high risk of buying unsatisfactory products, and most of al l lack of security (Turban, King, Lee and Viehland, 2004). Studies by Kleindl (2000) showed that smaller businesses can experience shortcoming due to internet usage. Firstly, competitive threats may increase as the new medium allows larger firms to mimic the traditional strength of SMEs in serving niche markets, developing customer intimacy and exploiting local knowledge (Cohen and Kallirroi, 2006). For instance, a regional firm with limited local competition previously, may be confronted with new threats from across the country or the globe once it began to use e-commerce. The new technology may also increase competitive rivalry and the pace of competition by reducing barriers to entry and increasing the rate of product and process innovation (Drew, 2003). Another disadvantage of e-commerce is the absence of personal interaction between the seller and the buyer. Business via e-commerce is done by machines and computers that the customer is detached from everything else. Due t o that, application of e-commerce needs constant updating of product information which can be tedious and time-consuming (https://www. manifest-passive-income. com/disadvantagesofecommerce. html). Another limitation of e-commerce is that it is not suitable for perishable commodities like food items. People prefer to shop in the conventional way than to use e-commerce for purchasing food products. So e-commerce is not suitable for such business sectors (https://www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-electronic-commerce-e-commerce. html). . Barriers to successful e-commerce application by SMEs in Malaysia Although ICT has been acknowledged and welcomed by businesses for quite some time, it seems that SMEs are slow in the uptake of e-commerce application in their organizations. Maxis Bhd Vice President, Fitri Abdullah stated that â€Å"ICT is an integral requirement for all companies – including SMEs – to improve efficiency and productivity. It i s now used more as a business enabler or differentiator† (The Star, 2010). In a borderless world where communications such as voice, data and video play an important role on individual and companies, lacking proper ICT usage can be a big loss (Dhesi, 2010). The crucial role of e-commerce becomes even more as the popularity of the Internet and digital growth increase. According to IDC’s December 2009, Worldwide Digital Marketplace Model and Forecast, more than 1. 6 billion people – a little over a quarter of the world’s population – used the Internet in 2009. By 2013, over 2. 2 billion people – more than one third of the world’s population – are expected to be using the Internet (The Star, 2010). In addition, there are more than 1. 6 billion devices worldwide were used to access the Internet in 2009, including PCs, mobile phones, and online videogame consoles. By 2013, the total number of devices accessing the internet will in crease to more than 2. 7 billion, with mobile internet ramping faster than desktop internet adoption (Dhesi, 2010). Some of the barriers to successful application of e-commerce by small and medium companies are stated as follows: 1. Electronic payment and data confidentiality: Three factors i. e. immature electronic payment methods, Internet security, and limitations of the legal framework regulating electronic transactions are the main barriers preventing SME from using e-commerce. 2. Quality assurance and proprietary requirements: SMEs may be uncomfortable when trading in electronic marketplaces, where quality of goods is not guaranteed. 3. Human and capital resources: SMEs may have limited scales of operation, such as family businesses with just enough manpower and capital to conduct day-to-day business, and usually cannot spare additional resources to train employees for the new e-commerce business. 4. Lack of drivers and initiatives and reluctance to change: most family b usinesses in SMEs may have limited resources to develop new business channels. The general mindset of the SME owners is that of a â€Å"follower,† which poses as a major hurdle for using e-commerce. Conclusion It cannot be denied that ICT especially in the form of e-commerce is a crucial business innovation that should be adopted by small and medium enterprises. Large companies that are using e-commerce have managed to achieve profound success and productivity in their business endeavors. Thus, it becomes apparent that such adoption in SMEs may also result in productivity and growth of the companies. In Malaysia, the Government has provided Internet access to business and individuals which further promote the growth of business via e-commerce. However, the low usage and adoption of e-commerce among Malaysian SMEs continue to become an issue in this country and therefore render our nation to achieve our potentials in k-economy. In conclusion, SMEs should resolve the inte rnal issues pertaining to poor usage of e-commerce and take up the opportunities provided by government to promote the use of e-commerce in business. Such a move could possibly thrust the development of small medium industries even more in this country. References Alias Radam, Mimi Liana Abu and Amin Mahir Abdullah (2008). Technical Efficiency of Small and Medium Enterprise in Malaysia: A Stochastic Frontier Production Model, Int. Journal of Economics and Management 2(2): 395 – 408 Bajaj, K. K. , Nag, D. (1999). E-commerce: The cutting edge of business. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Beynon-Davies P. (2004). E-Business. Palgrave, Basingstoke. Beck, R. , Wigand, R. T. , Konig, W. (2005). The diffusion and efficient use of electronic commerce among small and medium-sized enterprises: An international three-industry survey. Electronic Markets, 15(1), 38- 52 Bernama (2010). E-Commerce Adoption Among SMEs Limited, Says MPC, retrieved from: https://www. malaysiasme. com. my/i ndex. php/SME-News/E-Commerce-Adoption-Among-SMEs-Limited-Says-MPC. html Boter, H. , Lundstrom, A. (2005). SME perspectives on business support services. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(1), 244-258. Brian, W. , (1998) â€Å"Your network’s not ready for e-commerce†, Network Computing, Vol 9, pp22-25. Brown E (ed. ) 2002, Accelerating the Up-take of E-commerce by Small and Medium Enterprises, Small Enterprise Telecommunications Centre (SETEL), retrieved from: https://www. etel. com. au/smeforuim2002/final_report. pdf Cohen S and Kallirroi G (2006) â€Å"e-Commerce Investments from an SME perspective: Costs, Benefits and Processes† The Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation Volume 9 Issue 2, pp 45 – 56 Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2005). Census of Establishments and Enterprises (preliminary data). Dhesi, D. (2010). ICT a must for SMEs, Bernama, March 20, 2010 Drew, S. (2003) â€Å"Strategic uses of e-commerce by S MEs in the East of England†, European Management Journal, Vol 21, pp 79-88 Engsbo, M, Saarinen, T, Salmi, H Scupola, A. (2001). A framework of adoption of e-commerce in networks of SMEs’ in Proceedings of IRIS 2001, Ulvik, Norway Jetol, B. , Obit, J. H. , Asing, J. G. and Tanakinkal, G. H. (2006). An Exploratory Research of the Usage Level of E-Commerce among SMEs in the West Coast of Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 11 (2) Johnston, D. A. , Wade, M. , McClean, R. (2007). Does e-business matter to SMEs? A comparison of the financial impacts of internet business solutions on European and North American SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 45(3), 354-361. Kalakota, R. , Whinston, A. B. (1997). Electronic commerce: A manager’s guide. MA: Addison-Wesley. Kartiwi, M. and MacGregor, R. C. (2007). Electronic commerce adoption barriers in small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developed and developing countries: A cross country comparison, Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, Volume 5, Issue 3 Khiang, A. L. B. , Chye, G. N. K. (2002). Information technology and e-commerce for successful SMEs. Malaysian Management Review, 37(2). Kleindl, B. (2000) â€Å"Competitive dynamics and new business models for SMEs in the virtual market place†, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol 5(1), pp 73-85 Lee, C. -S. (2001). An analytical framework for evaluating e-commerce business models and strategies. Internet Research, 11(4), 349. Internet Economy Indicators (IEI). (2003). Facts figures: The Internet and business. Retrieved from https://www. internetindicators. com/facts. html Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman and Molila Mohd Nawawi (2009). The Use of Internet Applications in Managing Logistics Activities Among Palm Oil Industry Participants, Int. Journal of Economics and Management 3(2): 262 – 277 Paul Timmers, (2000), Electronic Commerce strategies models for business-to-business t rading, pp. 1, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Ramayah, T. (2004). E-readiness of SMEs in Northern Malaysia, Proceedings of the Pan-Pacific Conference, International Business and Global project Management, May 26-28, Anchorage, Alaska, USA. Retrieved from: https://www. Management. usm. my/ramayah/conf53. doc. Ramayah, T. , Osman, M. , Azizah, O. and Malliga, M. (2009). Technology adoption among Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs): A Research Agenda, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology Ramayah, T. , Lim Chia Yan and Mohamed Sulaiman (2006). SME e-readiness in Malaysia: Implications for Planning and Implementation Raymond, L. , Bergeron, F. O. , Blili, S. (2005). The assimilation of e-business in manufacturing SMEs: Determinants and effects on growth and internationalization. Electronic Markets, 15(2), 106-118. Rosli Mohamad and Noor Azizi Ismail (2008). E-Commerce Practices Among SMEs: A Review Of Major Themes And Issues, Business e-Bulletin, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 7-13 Sam, T. L. , Leng, A. -C. (June, 2006). Adoption of electronic commerce amongst small and medium enterprise. Paper presented at the Knowledge Management International Conference and Exhibition 2006, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Scupola, A. (2002), ‘Adoption issues of business-to-business Internet commerce in European SMEs’ in Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, USA , vol. 7, January 7-10 Scupola, A. (2003). The adoption of Internet commerce by SMEs in the south of Italy: An environmental, technological and organizational perspective. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 6(1), 52. Shireen Ng and Ainin Sulaiman (2001). A Comparative Study on E-Commerce Security Policies, Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Management Conference, 27-36 SMIDEC (2002). SMI Development Plan (2001-2005). Percetakan Nasional  Malaysia  Berhad, Kuala Lumpur Teo, T. S. H. (2007). Organizational characteristics, modes of internet adoption and th eir impact: A Singapore perspective. Journal of Global Information Management, 15(2), 91-117. Ting, O. K. (2004). SMEs in  Malaysia: Pivot points for Change. Retrieved from https://www. mca. org. my Turban, E. , King, D. , Lee, J. , and Viehland, D. (2004)  Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internet Issues in Smes Malaysia" essay for you Create order

Notes On Child s L2 - 1500 Words

A. Background Information: Name of child: Brea Age in months of child: 36 months Child’s L1: English Child’s L2: none Name of Adult: Bethany Adult’s L1: English Child’s L2: Spanish Relationship of adult to child: Mother Setting of tapping session: I was able to record Brea on October 15, 2015 in the main building at 199 chambers Street. Borough of Manhattan Community College on the 3rd floor. Brea was with her mom Bethany my cow-worker. After we got out of work , with Bethany permission ,I was able to interview Brea. We were talking like around 10 mania was able to record her for five minutes. Transcript 1. Bethany: Hi Brea!! slow and clear articulation 2. Bethany: What you did today Brea? Asking for information 3.†¦show more content†¦Brea: yeas! answering question 18. Bethany: What kind of candy? asking information 19. Brea: uhhh. 20. Bethany: peanut butter 21. Brea: MM 22. Bethany: Stars Candy? 23. What Color? 24. Brea : Purple 25. Bethany: ok 26. Bethany: ahhh purple repetition 27. Brea: Yes answering question 28. Bethany: Not the red one? expanding child utterances 29. Brea: No. 30. Bethany: What about yellow? expanding child utterances 31. Brea: yellow 32. Bethany: What about MM? asking for preferences 33. Brea: yes answering question 34. Bethany what color ? 35. Brea : yellow Repetition 36. Bethany: Oh my God.. 37. Bethany: I will buy you a candy. Expanding child utterances 38. Bethany: where do you wanna go right now? asking information 39. Brea: I wanna go to the daycare answering question 40. Bethany: Do you want to go to the daycare ? Asking imformation 41. Brea:yeaa 42. Bethany: you don t want to go to grandpa s house? asking information and expanding child utterances 43. Brea: No 44. Bethany: Where do you want to go then? asking information and expanding child utterances 45. Bethany: you don t want to go to the daycare just grandpa s house? repetition 46. Brea: repetition 47. Bethany : where do you want to go tomorrow 48. Brea: Grandpa House on Friday. 49. Bethany: What do you want to eat? 50. Brea: Cereal 51. Bethany: Do you want vegetables? 52. Brea: No 53. Brea: aww 54. Brea: I don’t like them 55. Brea: I want McDonalds 56. Brea: chicken

Exchange rate in Australia free essay sample

A look at how the exchange rate in Australia impacts the countrys economy. This paper examines the exchange rate in Australia and its effects on the overall economy of the country. The author looks at the fluctuations and the economic conditions that impact the exchange rate and the advantages and disadvantages of fixed and floating exchange rates. Prior to December 1971, the value of $A was pegged to the value of the pound sterling. From December 1971 to September 1974, the value of the $A was pegged to the value of the US dollar. From September 1974 to November 1976, the value of the $A was pegged to a trade-weighted index on a basket of currencies. Since November 1976 to December 1983, the exchange rate for Australia dollar was determined by the Trade-Weighted index [TWI], but additional fluctuation was incorporated when economic conditions required them. Unfortunately, the main criticism of the TWI was that it did not make the allowances for capital movements in and out of the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Exchange rate in Australia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Indigenous Recognition in the Commonwealth Constitution

Question: Discuss about the Indigenous Recognition in the Commonwealth Constitution. Answer: Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous People in the Australian Commonwealth and Victoria: Historical and Developmental Background The general expectation is that the place of indigenous inhabitants in the polity of a nation is one of foundational significance and worthy of national Constitution address. In the case of Australia, though, that is yet to be done.[1] Originally, references to the Aborigines were merely exclusionary, which were removed during the referendum of 1967.[2] The result of the referendum was that the Aborigines were no longer excluded under section s 51(xxvi) regarding the powers of the Commonwealth Parliament to promulgate particular legislations for any racial grouping it deemed necessary.[3] The further referendum of 1998 made major proposals and among them was recognition of Torres Strait Islanders and Aborigines through the Preamble to the Constitution. However, the proposals were unsuccessful.[4] Prior to state Constitutions recognizing indigenous Australians, there was an occasional arising of such recognition in the State legislation Preambles with respect to the Aboriginal people.[5] The Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW) is an example of such state legislation, which in its preamble, contains provisions acknowledging that the Aborigines were the traditional inhabitants of the State of NSW. It is more recently that the Victorian Constitutional amendments have seen the provisions that recognise indigenous people of Australia.[6] However, such recognition was not always there. In the Constitution Act 1975 of Victoria, there was in existence a Preamble that provided for the history of Constitutional enactment. However, it did not make reference to the Aborigines.[7] While the Preamble was not altered, the reformers in 2004, inserted section 1A. The import of the said section into the Constitution Act was acknowledging that the events set out in the Preamble occurred withou t proper consultation, recognition or involvement of the Aboriginal people of Victoria.[8] Importantly, there is a purported entrenchment of the above provision, such that amending or repealing the same can only be effected by a 3/5 special majority of the two Houses of Parliament.[9] Summarily, Australia has a long history of proposals for establishment of provisions that constitutionally recognise indigenous people in the Constitution.[10] Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Communities in Canada and New Zealand: Comparative Survey Claims of the Maori people of New Zealand against the Crown in New Zealand are premised upon the Common Law doctrine of Aboriginal title.[11] According to that doctrine, the Treaty of Waitangi[12] is declaratory in nature but not the source of the property rights of the Maori people.[13] Chapman, J. presented the locus classicus of the preceding in the case of R. v. Symonds where he stated that by securing the pre-emptive right of the Queen and guaranteeing the title of the natives, the Treaty, either in practice or in doctrine, does not assert any new thing.[14] Paul McHugh reaches the conclusion that the Crown is becoming acutely vulnerable to the claims of the Maori people. One of the salient aspirations of the Maori people of New Zealand is greater recognition of their rights, culture and values within the legal system.[15] Under this aspiration, the natives long for the change in substantive law and in the expression of Maori rights in the New Zealand legal order.[16] Accordingly, the import of the preceding is to accord the Maori rights a constitutionally entrenched status forming a kind of supreme law that ordinary legislation cannot set aside. By the 1900, the customary laws of the Maori were virtually erased from the NZ legal regime. This has occurred through the failure to recognize the Treaty of Waitangi as a source of law that is enforceable.[17] Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington was the authoritative deciding, for instance, where the Honourable Chief Justice described the Maori people as savage barbarians with no organization in their government systems and no customs that were settled.[18] Furthermore, the introduction of Common Law statutory regimes that are overarching and that extend to all citizens presents a failure to recognize the distinctiveness of the Maori people.[19] Despite some favourable decisions by the Privy Council during the 1900, that recognized Maori customary interests, all of them were reversed by legislation in New Zealand.[20] The preceding, notwithstanding, the customary values of the Maori remain vibrant alongside (or outside) of the legal regime and are continually adhered to in controlled environments.[21] Summarily, constitutional reform in New Zealand in the context of Native peoples recognition is marred with great difficulty.[22] Canada shares notable similarities with New Zealand with respect to constitutional heritage and cultures. However, the divergence in constitutional development between the two nations over the past two decades with regard to protection of indigenous people offers an excellent opportunity for comparative survey.[23] The Canadian system of indigenous rights protection is governed by a judicialized constitution.[24] The Supreme Court of Canada asserted the fundamental nature of principles of the constitution, which do not directly derive from a single source.[25] Beverley McLachlin, a Chief Justice of Canada, explained that constitutional principles are unwritten norms, which are crucial to a countrys legal system, values, identity and history.[26] The Canadian adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Constitution Act 1982 saw the judicial protection of indigenous rights. The Constitution Act for instance affirms and acknowledges the treaty and Aboriginal privileges of the Canadian Aboriginal inhabitants.[27] On account of section 52 of the Constitution Act, section 35 is supreme law. This means that the courts, including the Supreme Court, have the powers of striking down laws that are not consistent with that section.[28] It is noteworthy that, comparatively, the Canadian and Australian jurisdictions have the most developed modern approaches to indigenous recognition and co-management.[29] Case for the Australian Commonwealth Constitution: Should Indigenous Rights be Recognized and to what Extent? The concept of recognising the Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal people in the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia has been advocated for many years.[30] Arguments Among the most significant reasons for recognising the Aboriginal people in the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australian is that the people themselves have sought for it for decades. The Constitution, and generally the legal structures, has a profound effect upon the livelihood of the Aboriginal people. The Constitution establishes societal lines of power, legitimacy and relationships of people and provision and recognition of national principles.[31] On all the above accounts, the Constitution of Australia has failed the Aboriginal people. This, the Constitution has done through discrimination and failure to mention the natives or their history. Accordingly, the Aborigines rightly argue that a nations story is not complete without the history of the inhabitants of the land long before the white settlers.[32] Research recognises a broader range of challenges attending to and contributors to failure of recognition. Surveys on the social causes of health indicate how discrimination, exclusion and disadvantage can have huge adverse effects on physical and mental health.[33] The problems of being portrayed as an outsider in ones own land cannot be overstated. One of the major arguments fostered against recognising indigenous peoples in the Australian Constitution is that such recognition raises one race above or at the expense of the rest. This school of thought argues that this enhances discrimination. However, this argument does not warrant discourse. Opinion From the foregoing discourse, the writer opines that provision of the constitutional recognition and entrenchment of indigenous people and culture is of foundational importance. This is essentially because constitutional jurisprudence informs that constitutional documents should not merely be static texts but should necessarily draw from the historical, cultural and spiritual experiences of the people. Accordingly, the Commonwealth Constitutional provision should not follow the Victorian example. This is because the preamble declares that proper consultations with the natives were not done. Hence, the preamble should not only recognize the distinctiveness of the Aboriginal people and culture, but should also make it a supreme law like in Canada. This means that the draw-back clauses that limit and derogate the rights of the indigenous people should be removed and replaced with supremacy clauses that buttress the recognition provisions. Therefore, the Commonwealth Constitution should recognize the indigenous peoples by positively mentioning them and their values in the novel Preamble to the Constitution. Secondly, it is important to delete sections 25 and 51 (26) and lastly, by inserting new provisions that allow for the formation of legally binding agreements between the Crown and Indigenous people. The said provisions should also outlaw provisions that are discriminative along racial lines. Conclusion The importance of the above-discussed recognition cannot be overstated and the legal world is waiting to draw lessons from the process. Therefore, there should be amendments to the Australian Commonwealth Constitution to provide for recognition of its original people. However provision in the preamble is not sufficient to deal with the substantive and practical challenges. Further amendment is needed to remove the racially discriminatory vestiges. Bibliography Statutes Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW) Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Victoria), Preamble Constitution Act of Canada, 1982 Constitution Act of Victoria, 1975 Constitution Alteration (Preamble) 1999 (Cth) Native Land Act 1909, New Zealand The Treaty of Waitangi, opened for signature 6 February 1840, (entered into force May 1840). Cases Hoani Te Heuheu Tukino v Aotea District Maori Land Board [1941] AC 308 Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1998) 195 CLR 33 v. Symonds (1847), [1980-1932] N.Z.P.C.C. 387, 390 (S.C.) Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington (1877) 3 NZ Jur NS (SC) 72 Other Beverley McLachlin, Unwritten Constitutional Principles: What is Going On? (2006) 4 N.Z.J Craig Donna, Recognising Indigenous Rights Through Co-Management Regimes: Canadian and Australian Experiences(2002) 6 NZJ Envtl. L.199 Davis Megan and Zrinka Lemezina, Indigenous Australians and the preamble: Towards a more inclusive constitution or entrenching marginalization?(2010) 33(2) UNSWLJ239 Dawson John, The Resistance of the New Zealand Legal System to Recognition of Maori Customary Law Journal of South Pacific Law (2008) 12(1), 56 Morris Shireen, Lesson from New Zealand: Towards a Better Working Relationship between Indigenous Peoples and the State(2014) 18 AILR67 Nettheim Garth, Indigenous Australian Constitutions(2001) 24(3) UNSWLJ 840 Palmer Matthew, Constitutional Realism About Constitutional Protection: Indigenous Rights Under a Judicialized and a Politicized Constitution(2006) 29 Dalhousie LJ1, 4 Paul McHugh, The legal basis for Maori claims against the Crown (1988) 18 Victoria U. Wellington L. Rev. 1 Twomey Anne, Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians in a Preamble (2011) 12 Twomey Anne, The Constitution of New South Wales (Federation Press, 2004), Chapter 5 WA Law Reform Commission, Aboriginal Customary Laws, Report No 94, 2006, pp 73-4 Williams George, Should Aboriginal Peoples Be Recognized in the Australian Constitution (2013) 17 UW Sydney L. Rev13

Reflection on Confucianism

Introduction Confucianism is considered as one of the philosophies that were developed in the ancient times yet it still asserts a significant influence on the contemporary society (Liu 2006, 47). One of the authors who have written widely on Confucianism is Yao. In his presentation of Confucianism, Yao (2005, 17) makes attempts to link the philosophy to its developer and the culture or tradition within which Confucianism developed. This paper looks into the conception of Confuciasm by Yao. The paper also assesses the classical development of Confucian, the Yi jing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Confucianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The broader view of the philosophy Yao reacts against the constricted view of the philosophy, which comes from failure to open into the historical development of the philosophy and the role of the Confucian tradition as a whole in advancing Confucianism. By ope ning up into this history, it becomes easier to establish the role and influence of Ru in the advancement of Confucian teachings (Yao 2005, 21). Yao does not rule out the role of the founder of this philosophy. He tries to present a broader picture of the development of the philosophy by picturing it from his tradition and the society from which it developed, rather that basing on Confucius. This is achieved by focusing on the evolution of the philosophy of Confucianism. By placing the philosophy in the context of the entire Chinese society, it emerges that Confucianism has grown within the traditional Chinese society has thus been influenced by the changes in the political and social demands of the society. The point that is brought out here is that Confucianism had an influence on the functionality of the society through learning and the exercise of the Confucian ethos. By arguing that Confucianism was not solely developed by Confucius, Yao tries to present a broader view of how t he philosophy of Confucianism has grown and spread across the world. Yao tries to present Confucianism, not merely as a philosophy, but also as a tradition. This is done through the linkage of Confucianism to the Ru tradition in China (Yao 2005, 17). Understanding Confucianism from the societal context In order to link the development of the Confucian tradition to the development and enhancement of the Chinese society, its development is divided into two. There is the creative period of Confucian development, which depicts the formulation of the philosophy together with the development of the principles within the tradition. The second part is the most valid part as it links the Confucian tradition to the social and political developments over the period of development of the philosophy. This puts the philosophy in the context of the tradition, thereby moving it away from the focus on the developer and picturing it from a wider perspective. Confucianism is further divided into three epochs.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These are the periods of development that are presented in a sequential manner in order to capture the developments in the philosophy and other historical happenings (Yao 2005, 18-20).  The main aim of such a presentation of the historical development of Confucianism is to establish its tie with the developments in the contemporary globalized society. The question that leads to this is whether Confucianism can be likened to global culture and spirituality. Yao seeks to present an understanding of the doctrines of Confucianism in the modern society. This cannot be attained by looking at philosophy from the developer perspective, but from the perspective of the tradition and society. Apart from the founder of the philosophy of Confucianism, the tradition and society within which the philosophy has developed exerted a lot of influence on the philoso phy. This justifies the exploration of diverse dimensions in the development of the tradition (Yao 2005, 6-8). What Yi Jing says about the role of a Confucian? Of great importance to the development of Confucianism is the translation of the teachings and doctrines of Confucianism into other languages. This is known as Yi jing. Yin jing was a curriculum that was utilized in the study of Confucian philosophies. Yi jing falls within the main Confucian classics of China. Yi jing plays a significant role in advancing the Confucian commentary. The concept of divination has been one of the core concepts in the doctrine of Confucianism. Therefore, translation of the ethical and philosophical commentaries in the Yi jing provides a background for understanding the conceptions of divination in Confucianism. Western conceptions of Confucian philosophies are highly founded in the binary translations (Engelfriet 1998, 98-99). The translations in the Yi Jing can be likened to western Geomancy. The se classical texts have portrayed a deeper sense of the role of Confucian in the society. However, the translation takes complex process, which makes it hard for one to translate the Confucian commentary. One needs a substantial amount of time in order to know how to make translations of the Confucian commentaries as posited in the Yi jing. This is a negative implication as it portrays Confucian commentaries as difficult for translation and understanding (Little 2006, 165).  The paper has profoundly implored the confines in the understanding of the philosophy of Confucianism. From the discussion, it has come out that a clear understanding of the philosophy, more so in the context of the contemporary world can only be attained through studying it within the context of the tradition and society in which it developed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Confucianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Refe rence List Engelfriet, Peter M. 1998. Euclid in China: The Genesis of the First Chinese Translation of Euclid’s Elements Books I – VI (Jihe Yuanben; Beijing, 1607) and its Reception up to 1723. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. Little, Reg. 2006. A Confucian-Daoist Millennium? Bacchus Marsh: Connor Court Publishing. Liu, JeeLoo. 2006. An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy: From Ancient Philosophy to Chinese Buddhism. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Yao, Xinzhong. 2005. An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This essay on Reflection on Confucianism was written and submitted by user Cristopher C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essays

High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essays High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essay High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essay The VHF Omnidirectional Range pilotage system. VOR. was likely the most important air power innovation other than the jet engine. With it. a pilot can merely. accurately. and without ambiguity navigate from Point A to Point B. The widespread debut of VORs began in the early 1950s and 50 old ages subsequently it remains the primary pilotage system in the overpowering bulk of aircraft. VHF omnidirectional wireless scope ( VOR ) . is a type of short-range wireless pilotage system for aircraft. enabling aircraft to find their place and remain on class by having wireless signals transmitted by a web of fixed land wireless beacons with a receiving system unit. It uses wireless frequences in the really high frequence ( VHF ) set from 108 to 117. 95 MHz. Developed in the US beginning in 1937 and deployed by 1946. VOR is the standard air navigational system in the universe. used by both commercial and general air power. There are about 3000 VOR Stationss around the uni verse. It is practically free from inactive and dark consequence therefore is a dependable navigational assistance by twenty-four hours and dark. VOR Ground Station ( aerial ) The prefix â€Å"omni-† means all and an omnidirectional scope is a VHF wireless conveying land station that undertakings directly line classs ( radials ) from the station in all waies. From a top position. it can be visualized as being similar to the radiuss from the hub of a wheel. The distance VOR radials are projected depends upon the power end product of the sender. The class or radials projected from the station are referenced to magnetic North. Therefore. a radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing widening outward from the VOR station. Radials are identified by Numberss get downing with 001. which is 1 ° E of magnetic North. and advancement in sequence through all the grades of a circle until making 360. To assistance in orientation. a compass rose mention to magnetic North is superimposed on aeronautical charts at the station location. TWO CATEGORIES OF VOR 1. Normal VOR Beacon for en-route navigation- has radio frequence bearer end product of about 200 Watts to supply a service scope of up to 200 maritime stat mis. ( Category A ) 2. Terminal VOR- has a lower end product of about 50 Watts to supply the limited coverage ( 25 maritime stat mis ) required for attack and allow down to an airdrome. ( Category B ) BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The basic rule of operation of the VOR is really simple: the VOR installation transmits two signals at the same clip. One signal is changeless in all waies. while the other is rotated about the station. The airborne equipment receives both signals. expressions ( electronically ) at the difference between the two signals. and interprets the consequence as a radial from the station. VOR Stationss broadcast a VHF wireless composite signal including the station’s identifier. voice ( if equipped ) . and navigation signal. The identifier is typically a two- or three-letter twine in Morse codification. The voice signal. if used. is normally the station name. in-flight recorded advisories. or unrecorded flight service broadcasts. The pilotage signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to find a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft ( way from the VOR station in relation to the Earth’s magnetic North at the clip of installing ) . VOR Stationss in countries of mag netic compass undependability are oriented with regard to True North. A VOR land station sends out a maestro signal. and a extremely directional 2nd signal that varies in stage 30 times a 2nd compared to the maestro. This signal is timed so that the stage varies as the secondary aerial spins. such that when the aerial is 90 grades from north. the signal is 90 grades out of stage of the maestro. By comparing the stage of the secondary signal to the maestro. the angle ( bearing ) to the station can be determined. This bearing is so displayed in the cockpit of the aircraft. and can be used to take a hole as in earlier wireless way determination ( RDF ) systems. although it is. in theory. easier to utilize and more accurate. This line of place is called the â€Å"radial† from the VOR. The intersection of two radials from different VOR Stationss on a chart provides the place of the aircraft. VOR Stationss are reasonably short scope. the signals have a scope of about 200 stat mis. VOR EQUIPMENT Course divergence index-A class divergence index ( CDI ) is an avionics instrument used in aircraft pilotage to find an aircraft’s sidelong place in relation to a path. If the location of the aircraft is to the left of class. the needle deflects to the right. and frailty versa. VOR Antennas -One or two metre-long aerials lodging up and back out of the roof of the cockpit. These are the aerial for your VHF communicating wirelesss. the 1s used to speak to traffic and to command towers. VOR Receiver – The VOR receiving system converts signals from the aerial to the readings displayed on the pilotage index. VOR Ground Equipment – Consist of a VOR land station which is a little low edifice topped with a white phonograph record upon which are located the VOR aerial and fiberglass conic tower. CONE OF CONFUSION Land senders radiate signals in lift 60 ° to 80 ° above skyline. A spread over caput in the signifier of an upside-down cone is left with no or weak radiation. Flying through this part causes confusion in indicants in the airborne equipment. Passing through this zone the indicants flick quickly. To find exactly the overhead place is hard but positive and stable indicant thenceforth confirm transition of the station. STATION IDENTIFICATION A Morse codification amplitude modulated signal comprising usually three letters is transmitted every 10 seconds for positive designation of the VOR by air crew. Some VORs carry voice transmittal besides for automatic terminal information service ( ATIS ) and designation. Limited voice communicating one manner installation by land control may besides be available in event of communicating failure on normal VHF. The voice signal. if used. is normally the station name. in-flight recorded advisories. or unrecorded flight service broadcasts. The pilotage signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to find a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft ( way from the VOR station in relation to the Earth’s magnetic North at the clip of installing ) . VOR Stationss in countries of magnetic compass undependability are oriented with regard to True North. During care a trial signal or no designation may be received. Pilots utilizing VOR must ever positively place the station before usage and continue to supervise the same. Monitoring. A proctor unit near the sender on land is located within country of radiation of the VOR sender. The proctor continuously compares the standard signal with specified parametric quantities. In event of any of the followers. the proctor switches off the VOR sender or withholds the designation and navigation signal transmittal. ( a ) Received bearing is in mistake by more than 1 ° ( B ) Either of the signals – maestro or secondary signal autumn below 15 % in strength ( degree Celsius ) Monitor itself fails. A standby sender is provided to coup detat in instance of malfunction. but it takes some clip to stabilise its transmittal. Therefore. it is emphasized that pilots must listen for designation of the codification for interest of safety. Service VOLUMES A VOR station serves a volume of air space called its Service Volume. Some VORs have a comparatively little geographic country protected from intervention by other Stationss on the same frequency- called â€Å"terminal† or T-VORs. Other Stationss may hold protection out to 130 maritime stat mis ( NM ) or more. Although it is popularly thought that there is a standard difference in power end product between T-VORs and other Stationss. in fact the stations’ power end product is set to supply equal signal strength in the specific site’s service volume. In the United States. there are three standard service volumes ( SSV ) : Terminal. Low. and High ( Standard Service Volumes do non use to print Instrument Flight Rules ( IFR ) routes ) . US Standard Service Volumes ( excerpted from FAA AIM ) | * 1 maritime stat mi = 1. 85200 kilometres VOR INDICATOR A: Rotating Course Card is calibrated from 0 to 360 grades. which indicates the VOR bearing chosen as the mention to wing by pilot. Bacillus: Omni Bearing Selector or OBS boss. used to manually revolve the class card to where the point to wing to. C: TO-FROM index. The trigon pointer will indicate UP when winging to the VOR station. The pointer will indicate DOWN when winging off from the VOR station. A ruddy flag replaces theseTO-FROM pointers when the VOR is beyond response scope or the station is out. Calciferol: Course Deviation Indicator ( CDI ) . This needle moves left or right bespeaking the way to turn the aircraft to return to class. Point: The horizontal points at centre are represent the aircraft off from the class. Each point represent 2 grades deviate from coveted class. Aircraft VOR Component 1. VOR RECEIVER: In many modern aircraft one control unit is used for both the VOR receiving system and the VHF communications transceiver. When located together. the wireless is called a NAVCOM ( See Navcom Control Panels figure ) . The VOR signals are received on the aerial. usually located on the perpendicular stabilizer or on top of the fuselage. This aerial resembles a â€Å"V† prevarication in a horizontal plane. The VOR receiving system converts signals from the aerial to the readings displayed on the pilotage index. 2. NAVIGATION Index: The VOR pilotage index gives the pilot aircraft place information by agencies of three constituents. The path picker. sometimes called the omnibearing picker or OBS. is used to revolve the AZ ring. which displays the selected VOR path. ( See Navigation Indicator figure ) . This ring may besides demo the reciprocal of the selected path. The TO-FROM/OFF flag indicates whether the path will take the pilot to or from the station. If the aircraft is out of stationrange and can non have a dependable. useable signal the TO-FROM/OFF index shows OFF. Besides. the OFF flag is displayed when the aircraft is straight over the station. when abeam of the station in the country of ambiguity ( i. e. . straight on either side of the station ) or when beyond the response scope of the station selected. When the aircraft header agrees by and large with the path picker. the path divergence saloon ( TB ) shows the pilot the place relation to the path selected and indicates whether the radial is to the right or left The TB acerate leaf has a cubic decimeter 0 ° spread from centre to either side when having a VOR signal. The Track Bar ) . shows that an aircraft 5 ° off path would hold the TB one-half of the manner from centre to the outside border. If the aircraft is 10 ° off path the needle swings wholly to one side. Each point on the pilotage index represents 2 ° when the pilot is winging VOR. 3. TRACK ARROW: Each clip a path is chosen on the picker. the country around the VOR station is divided into halves or envelopes ( see Left Right Envelopes figure ) . It is helpful to believe of the spliting line as a path pointer. which runs through the station and points in the way of the selected path. The Terbium shows the pilot in which of these two envelopes the aircraft is located. If the aircraft is winging along the path line. the TB acerate leaf is centered. If the aircraft flies to the left of the path pointer ( as in place A ) . the TB needle swings to the right. If the aircraft moves to the right of the path pointer. ( place B ) . the TB needle swings to the left. Whenever the pilot changes the path picker. he or she should visualise an fanciful path pointer over the station. In this manner. the pilot can look at the TB and Tell in which envelope the aircraft is located. 4. REFERENCE LINE: When the pilot selects a path. the place of another line is established. a mention line perpendicular to the path pointer and crossing it at the station. The mention line divides the VOR response country into two extra sectors. The country forward of the mention line is the FROM envelope and the country to the rear of the mention line is the TO envelope. The TO-FROM index shows in which envelope the aircraft is located. In the To-From Envelopes figure. both aircraft display a FROM reading. 5. VOR Indications figure. shows the readings that an aircraft would have in eight different locations around the VOR station. In place A. the aircraft shows a centered TB. bespeaking that it is on path ; the TO-FROM flag shows FROM. Position B shows a left TB and a FROM indicant. Aircraft at places C and G are in the country of ambiguity. In this country. the opposing mention signals that actuate the TO-FROM index natural each other and bring forth an OFF Indication. The country of ambiguity widens with increasing distance from the station. The greater the distance. the longer the TO-FROM flag will bespeak OFF as the aircraft moves between the TO and FROM envelopes. DETERMINATION OF POSITION 1. Heading: Aircraft header has perfectly no consequence on the readings of the VOR index. No affair which way the aircraft is heading. the pilot receives the same indicant every bit long as the aircraft remains in the same path envelope ( see VOR Orientation ) . 2. POSITION Fix: To find a hole ( without DME ) . the pilot must utilize two VOR Stationss because the VOR gives merely way and non distance from the station. First. the pilot should tune the figure one VOR to one of the coveted Stationss and do positive designation. Unless the pilot makes positive designation. that station should non be used. If a VOR station is shut down for care or the signal is undependable because of a malfunction. the navaid designation is non transmitted. After placing the station. the pilot should focus on the TB acerate leaf with the positive FROM indicant on the TO-FROM/OFF flag. The pilot repeats this process with the other VOR station. Then. utilizing the chart. the pilot draws a line outbound from the VORs along the radials indicated by the path picker. The intersection of these bearings is the aircraft’s place ( see VOR Position Fix figure ) . Flight TO A VOR STATION 1. BRACKETING: Because there is by and large a crosswind. the pilot seldom can stop a radial. take up the header of that path. and wing straight to the station. To remain on path. the pilot must do a series of little corrections. The procedure of stoping a radial and doing the corrections necessary to stay on path is called bracketing. The method described here minimizes the figure of bends needed to find the necessary air current rectification. and requires the least attending by the pilot. Figure Bracketing a VOR Radial. below. shows the series of manoeuvres that a pilot uses in bracketing a radial to a VOR station. The pilot of the aircraft in place cubic decimeter determines that the radial of the coveted VOR station is to the right and the pilot must turn right to stop it. In place 2. the pilot turns to an intercept angle of 30 ° . Since the radial is 090 ° to the station. the intercept header is 120 ° as shown on the header index. In place 3. the aircraft intercepts the r adial. The pilot instantly turns the aircraft to a 090 ° header to co-occur with the inward way of the radial. While utilizing the heading index to carefully bold the header. the pilot in place 4 starts to float off path. The pilot so takes up a new intercept header of 070 ° a 20 ° intercept angle. The pilot flies this new intercept header of 070 ° until re-intercepting the radial. at which clip ( place 7 ) he or she divides this intercept angle by two and so turns to the new header which is 080 ° . The new header of 080 ° Lashkar-e-Taibas the aircraft impetus a small North of path. This informs the pilot that the coveted path header must be someplace between 090 ° . which allows the aircraft to float South of the radial. and 080 ° . which takes the aircraft North of the radial. At no clip from this point to the station will the pilot bend to a header less than 080 ° or heading more than 090 ° . As shown in place 9. the aircraft takes up the header of 090 ° . which allows the aircraft to float back onto the radial. As the aircraft intercepts the radial at place 10. the pilot turns to a header between 090 ° and 080 ° . so proceeds to the station. tracking the radial with an airc raft heading 085 ° . If the pilot takes up a specific intercept angle and so divides the angle by two. as necessary. the aircraft brackets the radial with the least figure of bends and holds e path with the greatest truth. TRACK TO THE STATION: The pilot should look into the heading index against the magnetic compass when get downing to track. ( The VOR index tells the pilot merely the place of the aircraft relation to a certain radial and the pilot must trust upon the header index for aircraft heading formation ) . The most common usage of VOR pilotage to wing on a radial from station to station. The pilot selects a radial class on the OBS and paths that radial by maintaining the TB acerate leaf centered. which occurs every bit long as the BS is in general understanding with the heading index. For illustration. if the dial is to the right. the index will indicate the right. and the pilot must turn in this way to stop the radial. As the aircraft passes the VOR station. the VOR receives two basic indicants provided that the aircraft crosses straight over the station. The most positive indicant is that TO-FROM index alterations to the opposite reading. ( TO to FROM ) . The 2nd. less certain indicant is the fluctuation of the TB. If the aircraft passes straight over the station. the needle fluctuates from side to side and returns to its original place. If the aircraft is left of path. the acerate leaf does non fluctuate. bur continues to indicate to the right. Likewise. if the aircraft is right of path. the acerate leaf will indicate to the left and non fluctuate as the aircraft passes abeam the station. TIME CHECK: Another usage for VOR is to take a clip cheque. which informs the pilot of the clip staying to wing to a station. For illustration. while inbound to the station on the 022 ° radial ( See VOR Time Check figure ) . the pilot wants to gauge the clip to the station. The pilot chosens to utilize the 030 ° radial to get down the clip cheque. and turns the aircraft to a header of 120 ° . which is at right angles to the 030 ° radial. The OBS is turned to 030 ° and as the needle centres. the pilot notes the clip. Immediately subsequently. the pilot rotates the OBS to 040 ° . which is the following radial to be used in the clip cheque. The pilot so continues to bold the 120 ° aircraft header and flies to the 040 ° radial. As the pilot crosses this radial and the needle centres. he or she notes the clip and finds that it has taken two proceedingss ( 120 seconds ) to do the 10 ° radial alteration. The expression for finding the clip staying to the station is: ( TIME IN SECONDS BETWEEN RADIAL CHANGE ) / ( DEGREES OF RADIAL CHANGE ) peers TIME TO STATION IN MINUTES. Therefore. by spliting 120 seconds by 10. the pilot finds that there are 12 proceedingss staying to wing to the station. Although this job can be worked out utilizing any grade of radial alteration. l0 grades of radial alteration is the simplest and fastest to calculate. RANGE AND ACCURACYScope * The VHF signals associated with VORs are propagated through line-of-sight. Line of sight scope of the sender located at sea degree and aircraft at 5000 pess would be about 88nm and at 10000 pess about 125 nanometers. Accuracy * Published VOR radials are accurate within 3 ° . TYPES OF VORDVOR ( Doppler Very High Frequency OmniDirectional Range ) A ground-based navigational assistance operating at really high frequence and utilizing a wide-aperture radiation system to cut down azimuth mistakes caused by contemplation from terrain and other obstructions ; makes usage of the Doppler rule to work out the job of ambiguity that arises from the usage of a radiation system with apertures that exceed one-half wavelength ; the system is so designed that its signals may be received on the equipment used for the narrow-aperture VOR ( very-high-frequency omnidirectional wireless scope ) . Test VOR ( VOT ) -Transmitter installed for proving the airborne equipment during the pre-flight cheques.– This is non to be used for any navigational information.Terminal VOR ( TVOR )* A low-powered VOR ( really high frequence omnidirectional wireless scope ) located at or near an airdrome for reaching and going pilotage. Weather Broadcast VOR ( BVOR )* Transmits voice conditions information of selected aerodomes in between the designation signals. VOR Tactical Air Navigation ( VORTAC )– A land wireless station dwelling of a collocated very-high-frequency omnidirectional wireless scope ( VOR ) and Tacan installation – can be used by civil aircraft as VOR/DME combination.– Transmitted signals of VOR and TACAN are each identified by three-letter codification transmittal and are interlocked so that pilots utilizing VOR AZ with TACAN distance can be assured that both signals being received are decidedly from the same land station. DBVORTAC ( Broadcasting Doppler VORTAC ) * A conditions airing co-located at TACAN.ERRORS AND LIMITATIONSBeacon Alignment/Ground Station Mistakes* Signal truth can be affected by mistake in the coevals of the signal and alliance of 360 radial with local magnetic North. Regular standardization of land equipment and alliance of signals are carried out with alterations of local fluctuations. Site Mistakes * VORs are sensitive to the intervention of terrain. Even adult grass may impact the directional extension of VOR signals. Propagation Mistake * Signals geting at aircraft can be distorted by specious signals that have been reflected by terrain or obstructors during the extension. * Assorted signals received in airborne equipment causes mistake in show. Airborne Equipment Mistake * Manufacturing inaccuracies and imperfectnesss in the airborne equipment produce little differences between the detected bearing and its show on the instrument. The equipment should be on a regular basis cheque and mistake contained within  ±2? . Navigation Mistake * While ciphering the entire truth of VOR signal the trouble in keeping a radial by pilot.

Arieff on Liu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arieff on Liu - Essay Example It should be noted that Liu has used her artistic skills not merely to exhibit them as an artist but to expose the evils of the Chinese traditions. After immigrating to United States she enjoyed the freedom of expressing herself freely through murals, which otherwise wouldn't have been possible if she had been in China. She has used her art as a weapon to rebel against the oppressive patriarchal system of China. Her paintings deal with the intricate issues like foot binding and Western art historical tradition. The most remarkable style of her painting is the reproduction of female characters from the photographs she got from Chinese books. One such book was 'The Face of China', which was published in United States and had photographs taken by foreign tourists in China between 1860 and 1912. She manipulated the images in the photographs and painted them on canvas by using Western style. She incorporated photographs in her paintings, which was otherwise discouraged in China. And a fin e example of this is 'Resident Alien', which is essentially a Self-portrait constructed on Green Card, which belonged to an immigrant "Fortune Cookie" alias Hung Lieu. In this she uses her own identification card photo.

Why did President Lyndon Johnson decide to send combat troops to Essay

Why did President Lyndon Johnson decide to send combat troops to Vietnam in 1965 - Essay Example Because it served as a buffer against the further spread of communism in the region, the West, especially the United States made serious efforts in supporting the South. However, South Vietnam’s government apparently failed in living up to the expectations of its people when it comes to uplifting them from poverty and landlessness. In the midst of worse economic disparities between the government bureaucrats and the majority of the people, the National Liberation Front or the Viet Cong began to advance an insurgency with ample support from the North. During the term of Pres. John F. Kennedy, the policy of the U.S. was still that of extreme caution. In treating the Vietnam issue, the Kennedy administration practiced the minimum requirement of the policy of containment, which is to provide logistical support and training to the South Vietnamese Army in order to make it capable in fighting the Viet Cong. By the time of his death, Kennedy had already sent more than 15,000 U.S. mil itary advisors to Vietnam. Even with the presence of that many troops already in a foreign country, the demand for more continued to rise as South Vietnam’s security problems continued to grow worse. ... Just like his predecessors, it was obvious that Johnson was very concerned with how one piece of the domino is about to fall, South Vietnam. It was the domino theory that inspired Kennedy to let the U.S. take an active role in South Vietnam by providing advisors and war materiel to the South Vietnamese Army. It was also this theory that would eventually prompt Johnson to send ground troops to the country. However, the orientation of the large numbers of U.S. troops sent to South Vietnam was not really to strike at the most potential source of support for the insurgency, which is the North. Although the ground troops were utilized to hit the local insurgents, the Viet Cong, they were instructed to take defensive posture against the North Vietnamese Army. This was apparently guided by a political and military response to the domino effect: containment. Containment is essentially defensive posture against the further spread of communism. For politicians who would not want to be labeled as too soft on the communists and who also do not wish to be considered as militarists or hawks, standing for policy of containment would seem to be the viable option. Pres. Johnson was an advocate of containment and this could be seen in the years immediately after he took over when Kennedy died. This policy, however, was constantly criticized by the political right in the U.S. as a sign of weakness, or of the unwillingness to venture into an escalated war that would achieve a quick and decisive victory against the enemy. Johnson defended his policy of containment well during the 1964 elections. His rival, Sen. Barry Goldwater often raised the issue of Vietnam just to portray him as a weak president at a time when the U.S.

Policy making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Policy making - Essay Example The country has been trying to resolve and reduce use of fossil fuel. This has led to debates among leaders on invention of a renewable fuel source like ethanol. Scientific criticism is diverse as it focuses on external instrumentalization process of science and technology in economic, political and military spheres. It also focuses on the internal academic structures where questions on social relevance that is grounded on causality and reductionism. Furthermore, solutions about the social problems are also analyzed. A scientific approach like use of ethanol is accepted if the outcomes of the process are ethical: it is less harmful as compared to other fuel sources. Hopes can be drawn to science if the values and the epistemological foundations attached are beneficial to the citizens. For instance, production of corn in U.S has increased from one third to five billion bushels between 1990 to 2010. This is an economic improvement thus earns more profit to the locals. Human activities such as deforestation have negatively affected production of corn. Furthermore, climatic conditions such as drought also affect corn production. Thus, ethanol production from corn is non-renewable; it means that corn production also reduces. This has directly affected the level of ethanol produced. This has led to food shortage in Mexico due to the depleted corn. Furthermore, increase in production of ethanol, leads to pollution and degrades agriculture. This has led to enforcement of environmental policies to curb production of ethanol. In addition, ethanol production is affected by the market trend. Due to the high demand of ethanol, it has forced many ethanol users to participate in the business. This is due to the less environmental effects that ethanol has to the environment. It is also estimated that the price of gasoline is about $0.9 per gallon due to the presence

Effects Of Shift Work On Employee

Effects Of Shift Work On Employee 3. Why and how might shift work impact on the health of employees? What could be done to minimise the health risks of such work? In modern life shift work becomes a necessary part of life. Shift work is an employment schedule that is not in the usual daytime hours and in which two or more groups of workers work at separate times in the 24 hrs. (Finn, 1981).According to HSE(2006) approximately 14% of people in UK doing shift work in different shifts Some institutions like hospitals, ambulance services, police department, transport industry and some industries needs continuous 24 hrs shift work. But this shift work disrupts the circadian rhythm that can lead to reduction in alertness. The diurnal rhythms control pulse rate, the cardio-pulmonary system, composition of blood, blood pressure, secretions of endocrine glands, appetite and wakening and sleep cycle. So shift work interrupts these natural processes for which the human body is normally programmed. So this can cause compromise i n health and safety of the workers. Lack of adequate sleep has produce adverse affects including nervous system related disorders, physical problems which can lead to accidents on job. Fatigue is also the most common reaction in shift workers. Shift work is the main cause of fatigueness in combination with physical, mental and emotional factors that causes exhaustion in workers. Shift work affects the general health and performance of the employees. Because of shift work employees have not follow any routine in their eating habits and they have not regular pattern to sleep and this may produce health problems (Finn, 1981). According to health and safety perspective all the working hours are not same. Night shifts are more difficult and risky. Working overtime also raises the fatigueness in a worker. This can lead to other accidents. Some workers do shift work with their own choice but mostly do because of economic necessity (ACTU Guidelines on shift work extended hours, 2000). Mostly people dont know the extra stress that night shift workers have, is because of work in late night hours. When most people are in their beds, night shift workers are getting ready to work. Night Shifts put negative impact on health of workers because these shifts affect the circadian rhythms of the human body. These circadian rhythms change all over the day and night to regulate different biological functions of body. For example our cardiac rate and the temperature of body changes throughout 24 hrs and this is lowest at 4am and it is on the peak in the mid of afternoon. The circadian rhythms reset after 24 hrs by environme ntal factors like light and darkness. Temperature of body goes up with the day light and goes down at night. Thats why body is active during daytime, whereas in the night it is meant to sleep for recovering and replacing the energy of the body. But working at night disturbs biological clocks thats why sleeping becomes difficult so workers feel fatigue. Work during night shifts imbalance these rhythms in spite of their regular timing. Because of this, workers who can do night shifts come across problems in sleep, fatigueness, gaining weight and problems related to digestive system. Some of these problems also become chronic diseases. According to study done by the Journal of the National Cancer institute (2001) depicts that the females doing night shifts have more risk of breast cancer because of exposure to light during night which interrupts the production of melatonin (Victoria,2010).A study found that the breast cancer risk is 60% more in women doing night shifts. Because the mel atonin hormone mainly produced during sleep. However several studies found rhythmic adjustments to a new work schedule sets in 4 days to 2 days. The continuous change in day, evening and night shifts diminishes the normally programmed body rhythms. According to Sparks and Cooper et al (1977) the field of occupational health psychology, overtime fatigue is an important factor in the health conditions and working hours plan. Because of excessive work in shifts raises in backbone injuries, bacterial infections, three times increase in accidents on job after 16 hrs of work these all have related to fatigue and overtime in shift work (Rosa, 1995) To minimize the health risks of shift work: According to article how lifestyle changes can reduce shift work stress published in Sleep disorders guide (2006-08) suggests that workers have to follow some useful measures to tackle the shift work correctly. Workers should not take more than 2 night shifts regularly in one week. So that their body take rest and the workers are not faces fatigueness. Workers take frequent breaks from work when they feel tired and not able to stand in same posture for a long time. Keep entertaining by talking to your fellow colleagues if worker feel difficult to work during long hours in night shifts, but always follow the safety measures. Workers have to follow proper eating habits .Afternoon shift workers take their meal in the middle of day, not in middle of their shift. Workers are advised not take heavy meals when they go for night shifts and they take light meal throughout night shift and take moderate breakfast. A heavy meal compels the workers to s leep and this may lead to accidents and even discomfort in stomach. After completing the night shift workers have to take proper rest with adequate sleep. They have to avoid heavy exercise before going to bed because metabolism of body will still elevated for many hours and this will produce difficulty in sleep. While sleeping they relaxed their mind and keep their brain free from any disturbance. If they fail to sleep then read a book or listen some music. Workers should follow healthy life style according to their shift work and they should exercise 30-40 minutes daily. With doing regular exercise his mental and physical health remains good and this will reduces the health problems. Workers have to take proper diet to maintain their physical health. Workers drink more water in night shift. They have to socialize with other coworkers to minimize disruption in social life. Workers practices to reduce the stress. They have to schedule daily events by the calendar use. Workers choose the prioritize tasks and always tackle one task at a time (Stones, 1987). 4. Critically review the evidence that multiple roles in work and non-working life lead to negative outcomes for employees and organizations. Work culture changes rapidly in present days. Previously concept of work done is to fulfil basic human needs but now this is not the fact. The basic needs are not enough, but standard of living is also an essential part for doing work. According to Blekesaune (2008) unemployed people are at major risk of breakdown in personal relationships .Males and females who lost their jobs have similar impact. According to Work life Balance Survey(Hurst and Richards 2003) there were more than 1200 employees who took part in internet survey done in the form of questionnaire and each one ,out of the ten participants worked more than 70 hrs every week, whereas he is being signed for 35-40 hrs. 98% of workers took their office work t home. 17% of them skip their lunch break.97% workers found that it is difficult to balance work and life.70% of workers took work as main stressor (Work life balance survey, 2003). Work or nonwork conflict generally noticed when work and non work roles are not compatible with one another and participation in one role made difficult in participating in another role (Greenhaus and Beutell, 1985). The Spillover Model (Loscocco and Roschelle, 1991) guided well on present study related to work and non work conflict. In Spillover model, there is a positive relation given between work and non work roles to the limit of satisfaction or not satisfaction in one of the roles moves into other (Bond et al., 1998).Work and non work conflict influences the general health and mental wellbeing of workers and their families. As an example, a recent epidemiological study done in Australia establish that the parents who work regularly for long hours or back home stressed have develop more physical illness and other psychological problems(Earle,2003). According to Duxbury (2003) work and non work conflict impact on the ability of workers to bring up their families which results in lesser levels in family wellbeing and stability. Researchers found that policies which are designed to assist work and non work conflict can change workers behaviour which is good for the organization. Evidences found that the policies which are family friendly results in raises in back to work after the delivery (Squirchuk and Bourke, 1999). When we are talking about the effect of stressors on a person, few researchers analysed to divide the life of a person into separate functional fields. Like divided between the home and work place. Because in each area individual play more than one role. Like in family they have two roles spouse as well as parents and same in their workplace they follow different roles. Researchers found that in each field person suffers from stressors and strain. So if in a demanding job person becomes stressed at work place then its quite possible that he come back home in same state of mind, so this create difficulities in home atmosphere also. There are two major hypotheses proposed to explain the work -home relationship. The spillover hypotheses proposed that there are no hard boundaries between different life areas. The work and nonwork experiences will positively related to one another. So the persons, who changed, stimulate and satisfy work experiences will likewise same non work experiences. Thus stressful moments experienced in work makes person tired at work as well as when he came back home, this makes difficult to interact with the family and social life. Case studies based on early work approve this approach (Young Wilmott, 1973, Piotrokowski, 1978). According to compensatory hypotheses, in between home and work there will be negative relationship. As an example, for boarded and non stimulating work experience, a person compensates this with good experience at home or from other free activities (Wilensky, 1960, Rousseau, 1978). According to the compensatory hypotheses, a person majorly involved in work would be not involved at home or the other way around. Another immaterial approach is segmentation hypotheses which approve that work and non-work areas are essentially nondependent, separated psychologically and perform separate functions (Blood and Wolfe, 1960, Dubin, 1973). This was the primary formulation of work and home relationship but myth of separate worlds of family and work has exposed (Kanter, 1977). This model is now often dishonored. These models just gives idea that up to what extent behaviour in one area lead to same or different behaviour in other, or to which extent satisfaction or stress in one role is associated to similar feeling in other (Staines,1980). According to National Study of changing work force, 19% of fathers who are working and 38% of working mothers feel stress oftenly and very oftenly in the three month period of this study. The data shows that male and female both suffered by contrasting demands of the family and workplace to balance these two. These conflicts noticed in previous two decades, when labour work becomes more in organizations and females are equally take part in working in organizations. The increased ratio of working women splits their role in two areas. In studies of Work and family conflict mental health is always targeted. Mental illness is inability to cope with the surrounding environment and reality. These studies proved that mental health depends upon the variation of experiences in work and family (Forne, 2000). In work and family conflicts there is not any selective gender but mental problems for e.g. mood changes are more in females who are working then males (Kohn, Dohrenwend Mirotznik, 1998). In the midlife, work and family conflict and mental stress are comparatively stable. So if the worker is having mental health problems, this is not good for organization also. Worker not cooperated with co workers and the environment of work is always tensed. This will affect the production of the organization also. There is another major problem which occurs because of work and family conflict that is drinking. When a worker not balance his both roles and because of stress start drinking alcohol and become habitual then this make the situation worse. Because he could not take care of his family properly and even not concentrate on his work. Because of this he cut off from his family as well as from society and even from his co workers. He or she might become a victim of accident at work. Because of drinking problem he lost money and this also affects his financial condition. Marriage life of worker is also affected thats why now a days divorce rates are high, because of imbalance in family and work. When work and life conflict occurs care of children and elderly people becomes difficult. Sometimes person even thought about the suicidal attempt because of this worse situation. 5. Discuss and critically evaluate research that has examined the impact of bullying at work. Introduction Bullying at work is behaviour of annoying, offending or affecting negatively to a person in his work tasks (Einarsen, Hoel, Zapf Cooper 2003).According to HSE bullying at work is to ignore someone, circulating rumours, annoying somebody in front of others, giving somebody a task which is not achievable, constantly underestimating somebodys work .It is not a new behaviour but it was not much noticed till the end of twentieth century. Bullying was brought into the public arena by Andrea Adams, a journalist of UK, who wrote a book o bullying, in the year 1992.He also produced radio documentaries in which discussion was there on workplace bullying. In UK and Ireland bullying word is used whereas in Germany, Austria and Scandinavia it is called as mobbing and in US as emotional abuse. According to the study, Destructive conflict and bullying at work (Hoel Cooper, 2000) one in every ten people bullied on work within last 6months and the number increases to one in four in last five years. According to this study women are bullied more as compare to men. Managers or persons on senior post were culprit in 74.7% cases of bullying. The obvious experienced negative behaviour at work was somebody was not giving proper information, which gives negative impact to your performance or impossible targets or deadlines. Bullying was mostly associated with bad mental health and less satisfaction in organization (Hoel Cooper, 2000). Types of Bullying Bullying at work due to direct comments on employees causes harasses, humiliation and put negative impact on performance in work and this creates uncomfortable working atmosphere (Einarsen Rakness, 1997).It is found that usually bullying behaviour has two categories: personal and work related. Personal is an again and again offensive comment regarding you and your personal life. Work related is direct comments on your work task, not giving reasonable deadlines to complete tasks, non manageable load of work. According to Zapf (1999) there were five types of bullying behavior: A. Make the task more difficult. B. Stop communicating with somebody. C.Attack on anyones personal life. D. Humiliate and criticize in front of others. E. Circulate rum ours. Now a days physical bullying or sex abuse related bullying also found with women employees in workplaces. Impacts of bullying on psychological wellbeing Bullying at work put direct impact on persons psychological wellbeing. Psychological impacts are mental stress, anxiety, loss of sleep, less concentration in the given task or work, binge eating, addiction to alcohol or smoking, lack of alertness at work ,due to this sometimes accidents occurs. Psychologists noticed behavioural changes in workers, who face regular bullying at work. Worker becomes irritated, emotional, and aggressive. Some women who faced sexual bullying, later on gone into reverse personality. They become aggressive even on situations which are ignorable. They hate opposite sex either he is in his own blood relation. If a person continuously suffers from bullying he may develop Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (Bjorkqvist et al, 1994, Leyman and Gustafsson ,1996). Impacts of bullying on physical wellbeing The person who faces regular bullying for long time also found physically ill. Because of this his blood pressure becomes high so he is suffering from hypertension and it is one of the indicators for cardiac diseases. Their immunity which helps him to fight with diseases or infections gone done. So he got infections more easily. Because of anxiety his digestive system also disturbs, so problems like diarrhea/constipation, stomachache, acidity occurs. Studies shows that continuous mental stress could also be one of the reasons of skin diseases like irritation, psoriasis etc. sometimes mental stress is the main reason of migraine. Sometimes lot of frustration could change persons mind towards suicidal attempt. Impact on organisations Bullying at work place also put impact on organizations by lowering the productivity of goods. Because workers are not work properly in organizations. Due to continuous bullying some workers often took leaves from work, which also put bad impact on work. Quality of production also gone down due to the bullying, because of this profit of organization also reduces. Studies show that work efficiency of workers also lowers because of bullying at work. At times this bullying at work place led the concern organizations to the court which is also harmful for the reputation of organization. 6. Compare and contrast the effectiveness of primary and secondary/tertiary stress management strategies in improving employee wellbeing. According to Richard Lazarus (1984) the definition of stress is that Stress is a feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize (Lazarus,1984). According to Dr. Mellisa Conrad Stopplers book, Stress, Hormones and Weight gain Stress is simply a fact of nature-forces from the outside world affecting the individual. The person responds to stress accordingly as it affect the person and his environment. Stress occurs because of external and internal factors. External factors are the environment, our home, personal relations, all outer situations, challenges, difficulties and expectations of life. Internal factors which affect your power to deal stress are nutritional status of a person, level of health and fitness, emotional status and how much rest and sleep a person got (Stoppler, 2007). Management of stress For managing the level of stress, organizations tried and do efforts for mental and physical health of the workers (Cooper Cartwright, 1997). The stress prevention done at primary, secondary and tertiary levels (Murphy, 1988). Primary intervention (preventive) Todays world is the world of globalization. In this world there is lot of competition, because of that stress becomes the biggest problem in employees in the organizations. Organizations are also affected due to stress level in employees. So organizations have low productivity and pay major cost for health care. For preventing the stress in organizations, primary interventions are there to reduce the level of stress. The major concentrate of primary intervention management is to search the causes of stress and to remove the causes. Primary intervention is also known as Stress prevention intervention. The main features of primary intervention stress management are, improving communication, re-scheduling or designing the structure of the tasks, give decision making chances to workers, lowers the work load, build cohesive teams, establish genuine policies of employment, sharing the rewards and contrast resolution skills. The primary intervention tries to modify or remove the causes of stress in the organizations so that workers work in good working atmosphere (Cooper et al., 2001). According to Wall, T.D. Clegg, C.W. (1981) study of work design done at confectionary company who faced troubles of demoralization in workers, gap in relations between workers and turnover problems. Organizations given the power of decision making, break for rest and after twenty eight months, they observe there was not any change in skill or not any progress in the task given to them. Secondary intervention (Creative) Secondary intervention is mainly related with the immediate detection and management of experienced stress by raising awareness and modifies skills of stress management of the worker with training programs (Cooper and Cartwright, 1997).In the secondary intervention workers have to manage their stress, not changing or removing the stressors. The Programmes of stress management assist and channelize the workers to know the symptoms of stress in them and other coworkers and try to get out of it. In the secondary intervention development of coping skills, management of anger, counseling and cognitive behaviour therapies are used. In the secondary intervention some class sessions or training programs are also there for increasing awareness and controlling the stressful conditions like training to do muscle relaxing exercises, educational seminars etc. Training to the workers to do their work could lower stress and improve their efficiency or creativity (Bunce and West, 1996). Cognitive behaviour therapy improves the mental wellbeing to well tolerate the harsh experiences without changing and controlling them (Bond and Bunce, 2000). Tertiary intervention (Reactive) Tertiary intervention assists the workers to give treatment, compensate and rehabilitate them who are suffering from illness due to stress. This intervention usually assist workers to come out from stress occurs due to their work. The main aim of these programmes is to treat the worker who is beneficial for the organizations. This intervention includes medical intervention, treatment and ongoing counseling also. So that worker returns to their work normally. These services are provided in house counselors or foreign agencies in the form of Employee Assistance Programs (EAPS). Employee Assistance Programs give twenty four hrs telephone services. Workers are easily access these services (Cooper and Cartwright, 1997). Meditation help to reduce stress, sleeplessness, anxiety and tensions (Alexander et al.,1993).For lowering their stress level, workers concentrate more on deep breathing and muscle relaxing exercises(Mcguigen,1994). Comparison of stress prevention interventions According to Kempier and Cooper (1999) now a days for stress management the secondary and tertiary interventions are more used as compare to primary ones. It was seen that these three interventions are effective in reverse order. In case of stress at the working place the primary intervention targets on the cause of stress in work place, secondary saw the effect of stress on worker and tertiary helps workers to rehabilitation and provide treatment in case of medical sickness due to stress. Secondary and tertiary level interventions play important role in preventing stress but they are not completely successful in stress management unless the cause of stress is not removed. Another limitation of secondary and tertiary interventions is that they dont address the area to control the stressor which is important. Secondary and primary interventions are not sufficient to maintain the health of workers without removing the cause as in primary intervention (Cooper and Cartwright, 1997). Conclusion The secondary and tertiary interventions are useful in stress prevention but without the removal of cause they are not much beneficial. These interventions have favourable affect on indivual level and organizational level.