The story 0f Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

The story 0f Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay The story 0f Mice and Men was written by John Steinbeck and set in America in the late 1920s early 1930s, in California near Soledad. The story is based around migrant workers in California usually male with no roots a very solitary existence. Migrant workers life was hard. It was gruelling, challenging, and often unrewarding. Just as George and Lennie dream of a better life on their own farm, the other migrant farm workers dreamed of finding a better life in California. The states mild climate promised a longer growing season and, with soil favourable to a wider range of crops. Very few found it to be the land of opportunity and land of plenty which they dreamed about. Steinbeck s themes within this story are loneliness and relationships, the migrant workers usually travel alone moving from job to job as season and circumstances dictated an almost thankless existence having no place to call their own or families to go home too. Most of the characters admit, at one time or another, to having a deep sense of loneliness and isolation. . George sets the tone for these confessions on page 15 Guys like us, that work on the ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They dont belong no place. When he reminds Lennie that the life of a ranch hand is the loneliest of lives. Men like George and Lennie who migrate from farm to farm rarely have anyone to look to for companionship and protection. Each wishes for the comfort of a friend or a partner or lover, but many will have settled for a stranger rather than no one.. Curleys wife admits to Lennie that she is unhappily married on page 87 , and Crooks tells Lennie that life is no good without a companion to turn to in times of confusion and need on page 72 he say A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont make no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you. They are all helpless in their isolation, and yet, even at their weakest, they seek to destroy those who are even weaker than they. Crooks shows this cruel and nasty tendency when he criticizes Lennies dependence on George and their dream of the homestead, their farm where they can work or not work just as they please, be their own boss. Having just admitted his own vulnerabilities-he is a black man with a crooked back who longs for companionship-Crooks homes in on Lennies own weaknesses, I think this mainly was to make him feel better and less of a failure somehow. Being alone and lonely and pushed out has made him bitter and mean in some ways. Everybody needs some kind of relationship, someone to call their own in some way whether it is a platonic, sexual or for instance a relationship between man and pet. This makes the difference between merely surviving and thriving and flourishing everyone needs some form of love and care in their lives. Candy had a relationship with his dog, George with Lennie, Curley with his wife but still Curly and his wifes relationship is pretty dysfunctional, there is no comradeship between them no love or trust no affection. Candy is keeping his dog alive for purely selfish reasons so that he isnt left alone even though the dog is old infirmed, in pain, unable to eat, and Lennie and Georges relationship is not an equal relationship either. Since Lennie cannot offer an equal adult relationship he needs a father figure, a caretaker where as George needs a friend a mate as such. The main characters in the book are George Milton and Lennie Small. George has a much stronger character hes portrayed as more of a smaller wiry type of man strong fit body and a quick thinker, lives by his wits almost, which comes across on pages 23-24 when he is talking to the boss he lies about distanced walked saying We hadda walk 10 miles to cover them not arriving until late when they only walked 4 miles and they had arrived at the pool the night before. He is short-tempered but a devoted friend, whose frequent protests against life with Lennie never weakens his commitment to protecting his friend. George at some point early on in their relationship used to abuse and make Lennie a laughing stock and seems to be atoning for his sins ever since. He mentions his earlier bad treatment of Lennie on pages (40-41) telling Slim Funny said George. I used to have a hell of a lot of fun with im. Used to play jokes on im cause he was too dumb to take care of imself He did this because it Made me seem so god damn smart alongside of himP41. So George definitely is no angel and can be petty and nasty as much as the next person, but he genuinely cares for Lennie. Georges first words, a stern warning to Lennie not to drink so much lest he get sick on page 5, set the tone of their relationship. George may be snappy and impatient at times, but he never strays from protecting Lennie. Lennie is a large, lumbering, childlike migrant worker. A huge bear of a man in looks, A huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders; (p2). Steinbeck thinks Lennie is quite animalistic in his looks and ways comparing him to a bear when he was swishing his hand in the water as if it was a paw on page 4 then a horse on page 4 also when he is drinking water and later he is likened to a terrier on page 10 who doesnt want to bring a ball back to his Master. Due to his learning disabilities, Lennie completely depends upon George, his friend and travelling companion, for guidance and protection. Lennie nevertheless does not understand his own strength. His love of petting soft things, such as small animals, dresses, and peoples hair, leads to disaster. Lennie is very childlike; he has a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve childlike innocence usually found in the very young which is shown in his utter helplessness in the face of the events that unfold. Lennie is totally defenceless. He cannot avoid the dangers presented by Curley, Curleys wife, or the world at large. The two men share a vision of a farm that they will own together, a vision that Lennie believes in wholeheartedly. Despite his hardened, sometimes harsh exterior George also wants to believes in the story of their future farm that he tells and retells to Lennie, but I think deep down he knows it all just a dream. He longs for the day when he can enjoy the freedom to leave work and see a ball game. More important than a ball game, however, is the thought of living in safety and comfort with Lennie, free from the people like Curley and Curleys wife, who seem to exist only to cause trouble for them. Lennie is largely responsible for Georges belief in this safe haven, George needs to feel needed too and that he has somebody close to him. Lennie gives George a purpose to carry on. In their relationship they are both intensely loyal to one another, dangerously so in Lennies part as he could harm someone because of his obsession with George and his need for him to be around, George is more like the protector, the father figure, he pretends hes put out by it but he knows exactly how lonely his life would be without Lennie, Lennie also knows this, the way he tried to manipulate George when he got angry over the mouse shows this. Lennie being there stops George living the life the way other ranch hands do, he points this out in anger at Lennie when he was whinging about ketchup on page 12 saying If I was alone I could live so easy, I could go get a job an work, an no trouble But later feels guilty because he knows Lennie would never manage to live alone without him to watch his back and care for him. They both need each other for their own various reasons Lennie needs George as a protector, father figure, carer and George needs Lennie because he needs someone to care for, someone to be there in a sense to step in for the absence of family, making Lennie his family, he is Georges reason for not going out getting drunk and going to whore houses he keeps him a step above the rest. This relationship fulfils their immediate needs for companionship, they both need someone else there on the long lonely road they travel for work, and through life but the relationship can never be equal or enough since Lennies intelligence cannot match Georges he would hardly get intelligent stimulating conversation from Lennie, Lennie couldnt look after George if the need arose and where as George would survive without Lennie albeit a lot lonelier, Lennie could never survive without George. George would then just be a plain old ranch hand like the rest without Lennie and the need to keep him safe and out of harms way. George would eventually need someone else in his life to provide what Lennie cant but I dont think Lennie would have the same problem since he would always need a father figure to protect him and care for him and his needs. If they went their separate ways George would drink, go to the whore houses with the rest of them and spend his $50 at the end of the month; he would end up with no hopes and dreams with no one else beside him to help keep them alive, just another lost and lonely soul existing from day to day. Lennie on the other hand would end up in an institute at best or hounded and lynched eventually at the worst, he couldnt survive without George, he doesnt even have the basic survival skills to keep him alive. He would pet someone or something he shouldnt and be lynched for it, people didnt understand simple learning disabilities in those days, feeling it was better to lock them away out of harms way or sight than actually dealing with the problem at hand. There just wasnt the care and attention given to people with learning disabilities in the 1920 1930s people didnt want to know, was much easier if they pretended they didnt exist or where got rid of in the institutes. The other person in the novel to have an alleged caring relationship is Candy The old swamper, aging and left with only one hand as the result of an accident, worries that the boss will soon decide he is useless and demand that he leave the ranch. Candy has a dog, once an impressive sheep herder but now toothless, foul smelling, and rheumatic through age. He was very proud of his dog, it was The best damn sheepdog I ever seen page 45. The dog just shuffles through the day barely existing too ill to eat even, yet, Candy still keeps him alive when it would be a kindness to have had him put down years ago and spared the dog the pain and suffering he now felt. It is a needful relationship in as much as the dog needs caring for and feeding etc and Candy needs something or someone in his life and in this case the dog is it, the dog can hear whatever Candy says but cannot have a conversation with him, he can nuzzle Candy and follow him around offering what form of love and attention a dog c an, but he cannot substitute for another human being. By the time we meet Candys dog in the story it is purely selfishness on Candys part that has kept the dog alive and I think fright, Candy is scared to be utterly alone and in that the dog is better than nobody. Candy needed people this showed in his eagerness to become part of George and Lennies dream they way he tried to buy himself in, in a way not daring to rely on a blossoming friendship between them, he was hedging his bets knowing money might swing things his way. Making it quicker for them to realise their dream as well. Candy seems to be ignoring the fact that you cannot buy friendship, they are generally built up over time and experiences together, but he is a weak lonely old man frightened of his future or lack of one and he thinks investing his lifesavings to secure him a future and friends into the bargain. On page 59 he says I aint much good with ony one hand. I lost my hand right here on this ranch. Thats why they give me a job swampin. An they give me two hundred an fifty dollars cause I los my hand. Then he proceeds to ask if he could come in with them by trying to bribe them with his lifesavings. Candy is too weak to put his dog down and out of his misery, to offer his faithful companion even this last final kindness, so Carlson has to do it, Carlson comes across almost heartless and devoid of feeling when he does this, Candy seems to shrink in on himself feeling very sad lying in his bunk turning his face away from prying eyes. On the other hand Carlson may seem cruel and heartless but I think in his own strange way he was doing a kindness based on selfishness in a way, he couldnt stand the sight or smell of the old dog, but a kindness non the less, since no one else was willing to put the old dog out of his misery. It was the right action but for all the wrong reasons. The bosss son, Curley wears high-heeled boots to distinguish himself from the field hands. Rumoured to be a champion prize-fighter (p54), he is a confrontational, nasty minded and aggressive man who compensates for his smallness of body and mind by picking fights with larger men. Recently married, Curley is plagued with jealousy perhaps because he himself is incapable of faithfulness and doesnt really love or know his wife, she is more of a trophy to him, and he is extremely possessive of his flirtatious young wife. Curleys wife is never given a name and is only referred to in reference to her husband. The men on the farm refer to her as a tramp, a tart, and a looloo.(P51) Dressed in fancy, feathered red shoes, she represents the temptation of female sexuality in a male-dominated world. Curleys wife is not a bad person, but rather a victim. Like the ranch-hands, she is desperately lonely and has broken dreams of a better life. It seems to me that Steinbeck comes across with the opini on woman are just there to serve men and are devious temptresses. Neither trusts each other and Curly has no respect for her, telling the other ranch hands about their sex life. Curlys wife confronts Lennie, Candy, and Crooks in the stable, she admits to feeling a kind frustration with her life. Her vulnerability at this moment and later when she admits to Lennie her dream of becoming a movie star makes her much more human not just a hussy in red shoes. Shes just a young girl married too early to a man she doesnt even like let alone love she tells this to Lennie on p87 when she tells him of her dreams of the movies, and Hollywood and her dislike of Curly and his nasty ways. Perhaps she felt she didnt have any other way out, but marriage to this stranger, she felt trapped at home by her mother and totally unhappy with her life and simply jumped out of the fat straight into the fire since her relationship with Curly just wasnt in anyway what she dreamed marriage would be like. In the 1930s there was not a lot of work offered to woman and single woman didnt have the same social standing as married women, many may have felt it was better to be married and married to anyone than being on their own and struggling to survive, women didnt have the resources they now have, and where never encouraged to feel on equal terms to men as they are now.. I think Steinbeck also tries to depict woman as low, flighty people corrupting men with their sexuality, they where either merely caretakers of men there just too look after them or sexual objects, not human beings in their own rights. Steinbeck had nothing nice to say about this girl, when really she is just a poor misguided young girl, who thought marriage would be the answers to her prayers, and that she would have a handsome attentive young husband, when in reality she got the aggressive nasty bully whom no one really liked, and whom she found she didnt like either. I think she was flirtatious because she needed company and since there was just men on the ranch she flirted, probably not knowing how to have any other kind of relationship with a man, and too young to work out that if she had just been friendly without flirting she might have made a few friends, that is if Curlys jealousy allowed it. Although the men think it is wrong of her to flaunt herself sexually and flirt, the men all visit a whorehouse for sexual gratification and momentary companionship. Another lonely character was Crooks the stable buck. Crooks is an even lonelier character than Candy, because not only is he a cripple, like Candy, but he is also black. Most of the men have a lot of prejudice against Crooks, referring to him with derogatory terms such as nigger. And because he is a different colour, he has to stay in a room on his own. Crooks is yet another victim of the times. We are told by Candy that the Boss takes his anger out on Crooks, though Crooks does nothing wrong. And Candy also relates an incident in the past when one of the ranch hands picked a fight with Crooks. It is to Crooks credit that he won the fight, although the other man did have his feet tied. He is very lonely and bitter, Lennie seemingly unaware of the politics of daily living for black people tries to go in Crooks room(p67) and make friends and chat with him , he doesnt realise that white people in the 1930s didnt integrate with black people in their leisure time as they looked down on them. On page 68 Crook says They play cards in there, but I cant play because I am black. They say I stink. Well, I tell you, you all of you stink to me. This goes right over Lennies head he just doesnt get the point. Lennie just wants to chat and make friends. Crooks tries to rile him saying Well spose, jus spose he dont come back page 71-72, he was trying to frighten Lennie and it nearly backfired, it shows Lennie becoming dangerously quiet and centred when he thinks George might be in any sort of danger when George is all Lennie has in the world and he doesnt want to lose him, his loyalty to George could prove fatal to someone else. Crooks was so desperate for a relationship anybody would do on page 78 he says A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont make no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you. Crooks realises being friendless and having nobody leaves people lonely and embittered, he says on page 72 I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick. I think Crooks wants more than anything else a sense of belonging, to enjoy simple pleasures such as the right to enter the bunkhouse or to play cards with the other men. This desire would explain why, even though he has reason to doubt George and Lennies talk about the farm that they want to own, Crooks cannot help but ask if there might be room for him to come along and hoe in the garden. On page 76 he offers to work for nothing even just to be allowed in. Anything it seems would be better than the loneliness of his present life, until Curlys wife comes in and in promptly makes him feel his place in the world yet again, bursting his bubble his notion of just being a man amongst men instead of a black man. Carlson a ranch hand, who complains bitterly about Candys old, smelly dog. He convinces Candy to put the dog out of its misery. Carlson says he wont be causing the animal any suffering. Carlson comes across quite heartless. If something or someone isnt useful get rid of it, everything has to have a function. He has a lack of concern for other peoples feelings and doesnt take time to understand them. He is an insensitive person who cares nothing for others. Carlson is the type of man George hopes to avoid becoming. The death of Candys dog testifies to the shameless and pitiful way by which the strong attack and eliminate the weak. Candys dog, although no longer useful at corralling sheep, is of great importance to the old swamper. Candys emotional attachment to the dog is clear. Despite this, allowing the animal to live out its days is not an option in this cruel environment. Carlson insists that the animals frailty makes it unworthy of such devotion. The most comfort he can offer is to assure Candy that he will kill the dog mercifully and quickly. Carlson has no attachments to anyone or anything and possibly feels happy enough without them, I think he sees emotional attachment as a weakness he can do without. Even at the end after George shoots Lennie Carlson cannot understand what all the fuss is about, why George should be upset in anyway, George had put down Lennie like he Carlson had put down the dog both animal and man as useless as each other in Carlsons eyes. None of the relationships in the book seem complete and fully functional. Nearly all of the characters in Of Mice and Men are disempowered in some way. Whether because of a physical or mental handicap, age, class, race, or gender, almost everyone finds themselves outside the structures of social power, and each suffers because of it. All seem lacking in some way. Lennie cannot offer George all he will need from a relationship although George probably offers Lennie all and more. Candy is too old and disillusioned with life, and his loneliness and fright of the future, to be much use in a relationship, and Curly is to into himself and proving himself a big man to ever have a proper fulfilling relation, his own insecurities would forever mess up a relationship. Curleys wife is too young and has the selfishness of youth, and is unable to cope with the likes of Curly she needed an uncomplicated young man really who would love and idolise her how she needs to loved. After Lennie killed Curleys wife, George was faced with a terrible choice, let Curley find Lennie and kill him, or kill Lennie himself. Unlike Candy, he will not let someone else shoot his best friend. He would not subject his best friend to unnecessary fear anxiety and pain. George does what he has to do, in his own way, the act of killing Lennie himself, is doing Lennie a kindness, putting him down, the lesser of the two evils, since if Curley got hold of him it would be horrendous. When George suggests they find Lennie and lock him up instead of shooting him, Slim has to remind George how terrible it would be if Lennie were locked in a cage, or strapped to a bed. Like the painful life of Candys arthritic sheepdog, life in prison or an asylum would be no better for Lennie. Just as Candy had to realize that his sheepdog would be better off dead than alive, so did George with Lennie. George by killing Lennie surrendered his dream for survival Slims sympathetic response is best showing his understanding. Slim is the only one who does not seem to need a fantasy to shield him from the harsh realities of the world. His skill at his work and mastery of the ranch bring him peace and contentment, these emotions and feelings are unknown to his fellow ranch hands. . Slim is both respected and admired. Everyone looks for his approval, even Curley, who seems to have contempt for everyone else on the ranch. The others give into Slim because his word is the law. He is the voice of reason and understanding, and he consoles George after he has killed Lennie. Slim is the kind of man that George hopes to become one day. I think Slim has more chance of a normal relationship if he ever has one since hes the only one at peace with himself and his life. Of Mice and Men is about the struggle of the weak in society and loneliness in or out of a relationship. Loneliness is an inevitable fact of life that not even the strongest can avoid, Crooks, Candy and Curleys wife all suffer through loneliness and isolation and lack of a viable relationship. George and Lennie are unique in that they have each other. Their companionship contrasts the loneliness that surrounds them, the loneliness of the outcast black man, the loneliness of the scarlet woman, the loneliness of the old, helpless crippled swamper. People need relationships even though it is difficult keeping a good relationship going since no two people are the same or have the exact same thoughts and beliefs. To keep a relationship flourishing you must have things in common, you must be able to disagree or agree without fear of the relationship ending, you must be caring of one another and respect each other, and some people do not have the social skills to keep a relationship fruitful. Quite often a person suffering through isolation will forever be trying to fulfil a friendship like Candy trying to become part of the dream with Lennie and George; he was trying to buy into a relationship. I do not think Steinbeck had a high regard for woman either, I think that was a sign of the times though and the era they lived in, woman had a place and that was to serve man. Curleys wife was in a relationship yet was the loneliest of all, she was married yet still was alone, still felt unloved and unwanted, and thats why she flirted to ease her hurting. I think Steinbeck had a very bleak view of relationships and woman in general, all the relationships seemed dysfunctional. People were made to live in society and it a natural instinct to seek friendship and companionship. When they find it, they are content within themselves. Friendship and interaction are two very necessary things; we all need them to combat loneliness.

Jackson Sucks :: essays research papers

Jackson Sucks (The obvious, and not so obvious reasons) If there was a website for this story it would be www.jacksonhighsucks.edu. Theres no other way to say it simply†¦Jackson is the worst thing since Alf. Being a senior, that means I have been here for four years (Sadly, this is the only thing I have ever learned from this establishment.) Yes, that’s four years of pain and misery, so I will detail to you why Jackson has been such a torture. O.K. maybe it wasn’t such a torture but you know what I mean. Don’t get me wrong I love high school, and it will suck to be leaving this place to go to college (Western Washington University!! GO Vikings woo!!! Extreeeeme!) but at the same time I am ready to leave this dump. I constantly hear on a day to day basis in the hallways rants and ravings about how this school sucks, so obvious or not it is not only me. Everyone loathes school, but what makes Jackson so different that it sucks so much compared to other schools? I mean, what sets it apart that makes it so unique? Today I will bring up a couple points with you. Some reasons why Jackson sucks is because of the academic quality Jackson possesses, the administration, the ASB (Or lack thereof), the student body (YOU), and finally school lunches. School lunches First we will tackle the most important of issues I want to discuss. School lunches. A look at these lunches will surely disappoint any student. Not only a student, but if some Somalian kid were to dine at our very very fine five star establishment, they would be like â€Å"Whats going on? Wheres the food? I WANT THE FOOOOOD!!" You often hear people rant and rave about cafeteria food, you could have heard this through movies, or just from peers. Jackson is no exception. While I will give the food here at Jackson a passing quality factor, the measly portions lead me to believe the schools on some type of welfare system. Its about 11:30, and many students haven’t eaten some breakfast, so they are starving. So starving they are at the point of eating REAL baby back ribs (*background noise* â€Å"that’s what I’m talking about!†) if you catch my drift. The lines are long and there is absolutely no space to even move. There is such a lack of space for moment that there is an occasional jerk face that is walking out with this food and bumps you with his turkey gravy platter and blotches gravy excrement’s on to your face which scolds and blisters.

Benefits of Reading Essay

Most of us have been exposed to reading since we were young but not many of us have the habit of reading for leisure. Most students read only because they have to study for their examinations but reading is not only limited to study materials. It is fun to read storybooks, novels, magazines, comics, newspapers and other reading material that is of interest to us. Reading is a good hobby. It is a form of pastime which brings many benefits. Reading trains our minds to be more imaginative. It also helps us to process new information faster and develop our ability to understand how other people think and feel. People who love to read are more open to new ideas. Thus, we can train our minds to think faster and more efficiently if we read more. We also can improve our awareness of the current events worldwide by reading newspaper. Besides improving our general knowledge, knowing what is going on around us, will also help us socialize with others by discussing the current issues with them. Nowadays, we need not solely rely to newspapers for news. We can also read real-time news online via the internet. Many news networks update the information on their websites every hour just to keep the readers updated with the latest events. Reading is important to help us to improve our language proficiency. By exposing ourselves to the proper use of language, we can improve our grammar and vocabulary. By reading, we would also enhance our understanding of world usage in different contexts. Therefore, we can eventually improve to our writing and speaking skills. The benefits of reading are numerous. It is also a cheap activity as we can go to the library to borrow books for free. We could also exchange books with our friends. This will help us save a lot of money. Some people prefer to buy their books so that they can keep them in their collection. As book are a source of knowledge, spending money to acquire them is not a waste, it is a form of investment.

Essay on Stanley Kubrick Artist, Explorer and Pioneer

Stanley Kubrick: Artist, Explorer and Pioneer Introduction The line between art and entertainment has become malleable in the last century. Critics of fine art define its quality by its message, innovation and complexity. Both are founded on intent to communicate. Art seeks to engage the viewer and generally attempts to tap into more complicated and rarer emotions. (Krush Web Site) Stanley Kubrick uses the medium of film to convey an understanding of the world around him. I see his work as art rather than entertainment and I propose his inclusion in Howard Gardner’s model of Multiple Intelligences. The basis of my argument lies in analysis of his work ethic, complexities, innovations and communication skills. Background†¦show more content†¦He subsequently sold this photo to Look magazine and his life as a photojournalist had begun. It was a great career move for the dropout, since the end of the second world war in 1945 brought thousands of GIs back to the states, it was impossible for Stanley to gain acceptance into a university. While at Look magazine Kubrick’s curiosity, stamina and suggestions led to world travel and prestige as the magazine’s best photographer. In his spare time he read on an extremely wide range of literature (this exploring nature is inherent in Kubrick, from his childhood through his later years). He had a very analytical mind – facts and ideas interested him and could broaden his understanding of the world around him. This was evident in the pictures he took – from the choice of camera angle, to the subject, to the themes he chose to explore. The world eclectic is perfect for Stanley Kubrick. At 18 he married a high school acquaintance – Toba Metz. She would be the first of 3 wives he would encounter. They moved to Grenwich Village in 1949. It was there that Kubrick could further use his talents to hone a lifestyle that stressed independence and perfection. At nights he would play chess for money at Washington Square and in the day he could study film at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Still, he was not comfortable in the structure of a school – his nature was to observe and explore. Informal screenings and conversations provided the information he was

Internet Issues in Smes Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3663 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Engineering Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? E-COMMERCE ISSUES AMONG SMEs IN MALAYSIA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 0Introduction1 2. 0Internet Commerce – An Overview3 3. 0The Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia5 4. 0Issues of e-Commerce among SMEs in Malaysia6 5. 0Advantages e-Commerce for SMEs in Malaysia9 6. 0Advantages e-Commerce for SMEs in Malaysia12 7. 0Barriers to successful e-commerce application by SMEs in Malaysia14 8. 0Conclusion16 References17 1 Introduction Information and communication technologies (ICT) are radically changing the competitiveness of organizations (Cohen and Kallirroi, 2006). Brian (1998) defined electronic commerce as the use of electronic methods, means and procedures to conduct various forms of business activity in cyberspace, which he stated has become a priority for many corporations within the context of ICT, since managers see it as a way to overcome certain limitations of the traditional distribution channels. There are many studies which showed that e-commerce development offers a promising way for business to meet the challenges of this dynamic environment. Electronic commerce provides effective and efficient ways such as gathering information rapidly about the availability of the products or services, evaluate or negotiate with vendors and so on (Jetol, Obit, Asing and Tanakinjal, 2005). SMEs face many challenges especially in a globalized environment, including a lack of financing, low productivity, a lack of managerial capabilities, access to management and technology, and a heavy regulatory burden. In the Malaysian context, APEC Survey (1994), the SMI development Plan, 2001-2005 (SMIDEC, 2002), Ting (2004), the UPS survey (2005) and others showed that SMES face major problems such as lack of access to loans, limited adoption of technology, lack of human resources and competition from MNCs and globalization. The purpose of this paper is to highlight issues pertaining to e-business, particularly with relation to SMEs in Malaysia. The specif ic objectives of this paper are stated below: a) To present a brief overview of e-commerce and SMES in Malaysian context; ) To highlights issues of internet businesses among SMEs in Malaysia; and c) To explain the advantages of disadvantages of e-business for SMEs in Malaysia. Internet Commerce – An Overview The millennium era of the 21st century embraces a new way of doing business – the virtual trading or electronic commerce. E-commerce, as defined by Wigand (1997), is about the use of electronic connection to conduct economic activities while others. Turban, Lee, King and Chung (2002) added that e-commerce is about use of computer networks and the Internet infrastructure as a medium of business transactions. The World Trade Organization (1998) stated that e-commerce is about usage of the Internet as the Internet provides platform for companies to conduct exchange and transactions from e-mails, leisure reading, browsing to selling, purchasing and providing service s. Kalakota and Whinston (1997) expanded the definition of e-commerce, seen from four different perspectives: communication, business process, service and online. Lewis and Cockrill (2002) added two more perspectives: connectivity and adoption ladder. The connectivity aspect includes the use of web sites, e-mail or EDI whereas the adoption ladder focuses on the full business processes participation including messaging, online marketing, online ordering, online payment, order/progress/online sales support and e-business (Daniel, Wilson and Myers 2002). According to Malaysian Minister of Energy, Communications and Multimedia during the launching of the National E-Commerce Expo 2002, business to consumer (B2C) and business to business (B2B) E-Commerce activities in Malaysia are set to increase its potential revenues by almost nine fold from USD1. 5 billion in 2002 to USD9. billion by 2005. MATRADE (2003) reported that domestic online sales totaled RM46 million in 1999, however, seve ral State and commercial agencies estimated a rise to between RM750 million and RM1 billion by 2003. Electronic business, also known as e-business is defined as the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business. E-business involves business processes spanning the entire  value chain: electronic purchasing and  supply chain management, processing orders electronically, handling customer service, and cooperating with business partners. E-business is conducted via the Web, the Internet, Intranets, extranets or some combinations of these (Timmers, 2000). It is a term usually confused with e-commerce. Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic commerce focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with individuals, groups and other busi nesses. Basically, e-commerce is the process of buying, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and/or information via computer networks, including the internet (Beynon-Davis, 2004). The Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia The small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia are basically divided into two groups: the first comprises of manufacturing and agro-based industries with fewer than 150 full-time employees or with annual sales turnover not exceeding RM25 million. The second group consists of services, agriculture and information and communication technology (CT) with fewer than 50 full-time employees and annual sales turnover not exceeding RM5 million (Ramayah, 2004). SMEs play a vital role in the Malaysian economy and are considered as the backbone of industrial development in the country (Alias, Mimi Liana and Amin Mahir, 2008). SMEs comprise of 99. 2% of businesses in Malaysia and contributed about 47. 3% of the GDP and employing 65. 3% of the nationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s workforce (Ramayah et al, 2009). In 2005, output from SMEs registered an average annual growth rate of 5. percent which contributed to an increase in total manufacturing output from 22. 1 percent in 1996 to 29. 6 percent in 2005. Also, the growth of value-added by SMEs was 9. 2 percent, compared with the overall growth of 9. 8 per cent for the manufacturing sector in 2005. The SMEs also employed 394,670 workers in 2005, representing 31. 1 percent of total employment in the manufacturing sector, compared with 329,848 workers, or 29. 6 percent, in 1996. In terms of trade, SMEs exported 25. 6 percent of their total output in 2005, compared with 20. percent in 1996 (National Productivity Centre, 2005). Issues of e-Commerce among SMEs in Malaysia The use of Internet in business is now a common application. In particular, e-commerce application is a well-accepted tool to improve effectiveness and efficiency of a firm’s operation (Rosli and Noor Azizi, 2008). According to U NCTAD (2003), e-commerce enables the firm’s market to expand as well as ensures new business models and embraces globalization. However, Daniel and Grinshaw (2002) noted that large firms are more dominant and more pervasive than SMEs as far as e-commerce is concerned. Nevertheless, SMEs also benefit from use of Internet and e-commerce. Rosli and Noor Azizi (2008) argued that e-commerce fits better the SMEs because of their less complicated structures that make them more easily adapt to any changes. It is pertinent that SMEs adopt e-commerce in their business operation as SMEs represent the largest proportion of established businesses in most countries. This implies that SMEs plays a greater role towards the nation’s growth with respect to the economic, employment as well as gross domestic product (GDP). It is obvious that information and communication technology (ICT) becomes one of the potential means to facilitate their business operations (UNCTAD, 2003). Thus, enabling IT helps them to respond to business environmental pressures, to fulfill customers’ demand, and to face globalization challenge (Bernades Verville, 2005). As Malaysia moves toward the IT era, SMEs face huge setbacks because they are not ready to use such technology to remain competitive. The Star (July 17, 2001) stated that the Malaysian SMI Association revealed only 30% of the local SMIs have their own Website; worse, not all of these sites are regularly updated. This implies that use of such technology is not wide among SMEs. The SMI Association of Malaysia in its 2004 annual report showed that e-commerce had contributed only 5. 0% (USD451. 6 million or RM1,592. 6 million) of the business-to-business (B2B) market of Malaysia. This implies that e-commerce activities has slow adoption rate among SMEs (Nitty and Nolila, 2009). According to a survey by MPC from June to December 2009 on 296 SME companies, only 17 per cent of the respondents had e-commerce transacti ons during the year (Bernama, 2010). The Federation of the Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM) identified three factors that are sources of SMEs usage problems of information technology: (1) Lack of awareness in the importance of IT in SMEs; (2) Low distribution of IT usage in SMEs; and (3) Business associations are not good role models in state-of-the-art IT usage (www. fmm. org. my, 2001). Bernama (March 16, 2010) also quoted Malaysian Productivity Corporation (MPC) which stated that the adoption and implementation of e-commerce has not been widely embraced by the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), particularly in enhancing their productivity and competitiveness. Mohd Razali Hussain, MPC’s Director General stated that the main reasons are: lack of understanding of e-commerce benefits and a refusal to leave the comfort zone; and perceived high cost. Brown (2002) stated that there are several reasons why SMEs owners are not adopting e-commerce, which are: (1) E-commerce was seen to be a distraction from core business; (2) significant perceived cost and risks associated with e-commerce; (3) Lack of strategic vision; and (4) Lack of realization of value/benefits of e-commerce to individual SMEs. Engsbo et al. 2002) and Scupola (2002) believed that most SMEs adopt e-commerce in a â€Å"just-by-chance† or casual manner and not because of a consequence of systematic consideration and planning. Shireen and Ainin (2001) noted that security issues are also considered as the main barrier to implementation of e-commerce. They elaborated that organizations were reluctant to use e-commerce because they felt the transactions conducted electronically were open to hackers and viruses, which are beyond their control. They were also skeptical about the security measures that were implemented to safeguard on-line payment transactions. Others cited factors such as insufficient Internet facilities leading to slow speed of Internet connection, resistance to chan ge regular business methods, ‘wait and see’ attitude among companies and the issue of Internet security and trust as the reasons for not adopting e-commerce in their business models. It was also shown that many companies in Malaysia are still comfortable with their old ways and rather slow to adopt and adapt e-commerce as a tool to better manage their business (Le and Koh, 2002; Liew, 2002); Mohd Zulkifli, 2001); Sulaiman, 2000); and Suraya, 2005). Advantages e-Commerce for SMEs in Malaysia The use of e-commerce has many advantages as well as disadvantages, in relation to SMEs. Raymond et al. (2003) stated that the use of e-commerce positively influence firm performances specifically firm growth where as Johnston et al (2007) mentioned that it favors financial gain while Teo (2007) believes that e-commerce contributes to competitive advantages. Sam and Leng (2006) noted that the benefits from e-commerce are positively associated with the extent of e-commerce usage. F irms with more advanced EC applications tend to reap greater benefit in term of efficiency than those with limited use of such applications (Beck et al. 2005). Bernama (2010) quoted Mohd Razali Hussain, MPC’s Director General who said, â€Å"E-commerce provides opportunity to participate in global production networks that are becoming more prevalent in many industries and the ability to tap resources such as labour, capital and knowledge. † Thus, e-commerce provides many advantages to SMEs businesses. Internet is therefore, a new means of conducting, managing and executing business transactions using modern Information Technology. The Internet provides access 24 hours a day, seven days a week – any time anywhere. Hence, time and place are no longer the binding factors. In essence, the Internet is allowing businesses to enter niche markets at no additional cost (Kleindl 2000). The benefits and advantages of e-commerce can be gleaned from success of firms such as Cisco Systems, Dell Computer and General Electric which show impressive payoffs by making the Internet a key element in their strategies and business models, and by transforming their â€Å"brick-and-mortar† operations into e-business organizations. Cisco Systems and Dell Computer report in excess of 250% return on invested capital and over USD 650,000 in revenue per employee from their e-business operations. They also have the highest gross profit margin in their respective industries (Ramayah, Lim and Mohamed, 2006). A survey finding of over 400 information technology managers worldwide showed that SMEs that make effective use of Internet opportunities may also find that they are more innovative, faster in responding to environmental demands, and better able to quickly change or adapt business models to gain competitive advantage (Engler 1999). Kartiwi and MacGregor (2007) stated that for SMEs, e-commerce has the potential to become a source of competitive advantage. E-commerce is a cost effective way of accessing customers globally and competing on par with large businesses. Lee (2001) suggests that e-commerce may alter the outlook of businesses from one that is focused on lean manufacturing (termed as economics of scarcity) to a focus on information which he terms as economics of abundance. In fact, the Internet Economy Indicators (2003) stated that SMEs using the Internet have grown 46% faster than their counterparts who do not use the Internet (Bajaj Nag, 1999; Khiang Chye, 2002; Scupola, 2003). Advantages e-Commerce for SMEs in Malaysia There are however, some disadvantages of employing e-commerce by small and medium companies. According to the research done by  Commerce. Net  in 2000 of the top 10 barriers to E-commerce, the main disadvantage of E-commerce is the lack of a business model, lack of trust and key public infrastructure, slow navigation on the Internet, the high risk of buying unsatisfactory products, and most of al l lack of security (Turban, King, Lee and Viehland, 2004). Studies by Kleindl (2000) showed that smaller businesses can experience shortcoming due to internet usage. Firstly, competitive threats may increase as the new medium allows larger firms to mimic the traditional strength of SMEs in serving niche markets, developing customer intimacy and exploiting local knowledge (Cohen and Kallirroi, 2006). For instance, a regional firm with limited local competition previously, may be confronted with new threats from across the country or the globe once it began to use e-commerce. The new technology may also increase competitive rivalry and the pace of competition by reducing barriers to entry and increasing the rate of product and process innovation (Drew, 2003). Another disadvantage of e-commerce is the absence of personal interaction between the seller and the buyer. Business via e-commerce is done by machines and computers that the customer is detached from everything else. Due t o that, application of e-commerce needs constant updating of product information which can be tedious and time-consuming (https://www. manifest-passive-income. com/disadvantagesofecommerce. html). Another limitation of e-commerce is that it is not suitable for perishable commodities like food items. People prefer to shop in the conventional way than to use e-commerce for purchasing food products. So e-commerce is not suitable for such business sectors (https://www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-electronic-commerce-e-commerce. html). . Barriers to successful e-commerce application by SMEs in Malaysia Although ICT has been acknowledged and welcomed by businesses for quite some time, it seems that SMEs are slow in the uptake of e-commerce application in their organizations. Maxis Bhd Vice President, Fitri Abdullah stated that â€Å"ICT is an integral requirement for all companies – including SMEs – to improve efficiency and productivity. It i s now used more as a business enabler or differentiator† (The Star, 2010). In a borderless world where communications such as voice, data and video play an important role on individual and companies, lacking proper ICT usage can be a big loss (Dhesi, 2010). The crucial role of e-commerce becomes even more as the popularity of the Internet and digital growth increase. According to IDC’s December 2009, Worldwide Digital Marketplace Model and Forecast, more than 1. 6 billion people – a little over a quarter of the world’s population – used the Internet in 2009. By 2013, over 2. 2 billion people – more than one third of the world’s population – are expected to be using the Internet (The Star, 2010). In addition, there are more than 1. 6 billion devices worldwide were used to access the Internet in 2009, including PCs, mobile phones, and online videogame consoles. By 2013, the total number of devices accessing the internet will in crease to more than 2. 7 billion, with mobile internet ramping faster than desktop internet adoption (Dhesi, 2010). Some of the barriers to successful application of e-commerce by small and medium companies are stated as follows: 1. Electronic payment and data confidentiality: Three factors i. e. immature electronic payment methods, Internet security, and limitations of the legal framework regulating electronic transactions are the main barriers preventing SME from using e-commerce. 2. Quality assurance and proprietary requirements: SMEs may be uncomfortable when trading in electronic marketplaces, where quality of goods is not guaranteed. 3. Human and capital resources: SMEs may have limited scales of operation, such as family businesses with just enough manpower and capital to conduct day-to-day business, and usually cannot spare additional resources to train employees for the new e-commerce business. 4. Lack of drivers and initiatives and reluctance to change: most family b usinesses in SMEs may have limited resources to develop new business channels. The general mindset of the SME owners is that of a â€Å"follower,† which poses as a major hurdle for using e-commerce. Conclusion It cannot be denied that ICT especially in the form of e-commerce is a crucial business innovation that should be adopted by small and medium enterprises. Large companies that are using e-commerce have managed to achieve profound success and productivity in their business endeavors. Thus, it becomes apparent that such adoption in SMEs may also result in productivity and growth of the companies. In Malaysia, the Government has provided Internet access to business and individuals which further promote the growth of business via e-commerce. However, the low usage and adoption of e-commerce among Malaysian SMEs continue to become an issue in this country and therefore render our nation to achieve our potentials in k-economy. In conclusion, SMEs should resolve the inte rnal issues pertaining to poor usage of e-commerce and take up the opportunities provided by government to promote the use of e-commerce in business. Such a move could possibly thrust the development of small medium industries even more in this country. References Alias Radam, Mimi Liana Abu and Amin Mahir Abdullah (2008). Technical Efficiency of Small and Medium Enterprise in Malaysia: A Stochastic Frontier Production Model, Int. Journal of Economics and Management 2(2): 395 – 408 Bajaj, K. K. , Nag, D. (1999). E-commerce: The cutting edge of business. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Beynon-Davies P. (2004). E-Business. Palgrave, Basingstoke. Beck, R. , Wigand, R. T. , Konig, W. (2005). The diffusion and efficient use of electronic commerce among small and medium-sized enterprises: An international three-industry survey. Electronic Markets, 15(1), 38- 52 Bernama (2010). E-Commerce Adoption Among SMEs Limited, Says MPC, retrieved from: https://www. malaysiasme. com. my/i ndex. php/SME-News/E-Commerce-Adoption-Among-SMEs-Limited-Says-MPC. html Boter, H. , Lundstrom, A. (2005). SME perspectives on business support services. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(1), 244-258. Brian, W. , (1998) â€Å"Your network’s not ready for e-commerce†, Network Computing, Vol 9, pp22-25. Brown E (ed. ) 2002, Accelerating the Up-take of E-commerce by Small and Medium Enterprises, Small Enterprise Telecommunications Centre (SETEL), retrieved from: https://www. etel. com. au/smeforuim2002/final_report. pdf Cohen S and Kallirroi G (2006) â€Å"e-Commerce Investments from an SME perspective: Costs, Benefits and Processes† The Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation Volume 9 Issue 2, pp 45 – 56 Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2005). Census of Establishments and Enterprises (preliminary data). Dhesi, D. (2010). ICT a must for SMEs, Bernama, March 20, 2010 Drew, S. (2003) â€Å"Strategic uses of e-commerce by S MEs in the East of England†, European Management Journal, Vol 21, pp 79-88 Engsbo, M, Saarinen, T, Salmi, H Scupola, A. (2001). A framework of adoption of e-commerce in networks of SMEs’ in Proceedings of IRIS 2001, Ulvik, Norway Jetol, B. , Obit, J. H. , Asing, J. G. and Tanakinkal, G. H. (2006). An Exploratory Research of the Usage Level of E-Commerce among SMEs in the West Coast of Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 11 (2) Johnston, D. A. , Wade, M. , McClean, R. (2007). Does e-business matter to SMEs? A comparison of the financial impacts of internet business solutions on European and North American SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 45(3), 354-361. Kalakota, R. , Whinston, A. B. (1997). Electronic commerce: A manager’s guide. MA: Addison-Wesley. Kartiwi, M. and MacGregor, R. C. (2007). Electronic commerce adoption barriers in small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developed and developing countries: A cross country comparison, Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, Volume 5, Issue 3 Khiang, A. L. B. , Chye, G. N. K. (2002). Information technology and e-commerce for successful SMEs. Malaysian Management Review, 37(2). Kleindl, B. (2000) â€Å"Competitive dynamics and new business models for SMEs in the virtual market place†, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol 5(1), pp 73-85 Lee, C. -S. (2001). An analytical framework for evaluating e-commerce business models and strategies. Internet Research, 11(4), 349. Internet Economy Indicators (IEI). (2003). Facts figures: The Internet and business. Retrieved from https://www. internetindicators. com/facts. html Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman and Molila Mohd Nawawi (2009). The Use of Internet Applications in Managing Logistics Activities Among Palm Oil Industry Participants, Int. Journal of Economics and Management 3(2): 262 – 277 Paul Timmers, (2000), Electronic Commerce strategies models for business-to-business t rading, pp. 1, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Ramayah, T. (2004). E-readiness of SMEs in Northern Malaysia, Proceedings of the Pan-Pacific Conference, International Business and Global project Management, May 26-28, Anchorage, Alaska, USA. Retrieved from: https://www. Management. usm. my/ramayah/conf53. doc. Ramayah, T. , Osman, M. , Azizah, O. and Malliga, M. (2009). Technology adoption among Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs): A Research Agenda, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology Ramayah, T. , Lim Chia Yan and Mohamed Sulaiman (2006). SME e-readiness in Malaysia: Implications for Planning and Implementation Raymond, L. , Bergeron, F. O. , Blili, S. (2005). The assimilation of e-business in manufacturing SMEs: Determinants and effects on growth and internationalization. Electronic Markets, 15(2), 106-118. Rosli Mohamad and Noor Azizi Ismail (2008). E-Commerce Practices Among SMEs: A Review Of Major Themes And Issues, Business e-Bulletin, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 7-13 Sam, T. L. , Leng, A. -C. (June, 2006). Adoption of electronic commerce amongst small and medium enterprise. Paper presented at the Knowledge Management International Conference and Exhibition 2006, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Scupola, A. (2002), ‘Adoption issues of business-to-business Internet commerce in European SMEs’ in Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, USA , vol. 7, January 7-10 Scupola, A. (2003). The adoption of Internet commerce by SMEs in the south of Italy: An environmental, technological and organizational perspective. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 6(1), 52. Shireen Ng and Ainin Sulaiman (2001). A Comparative Study on E-Commerce Security Policies, Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Management Conference, 27-36 SMIDEC (2002). SMI Development Plan (2001-2005). Percetakan Nasional  Malaysia  Berhad, Kuala Lumpur Teo, T. S. H. (2007). Organizational characteristics, modes of internet adoption and th eir impact: A Singapore perspective. Journal of Global Information Management, 15(2), 91-117. Ting, O. K. (2004). SMEs in  Malaysia: Pivot points for Change. Retrieved from https://www. mca. org. my Turban, E. , King, D. , Lee, J. , and Viehland, D. (2004)  Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internet Issues in Smes Malaysia" essay for you Create order

Notes On Child s L2 - 1500 Words

A. Background Information: Name of child: Brea Age in months of child: 36 months Child’s L1: English Child’s L2: none Name of Adult: Bethany Adult’s L1: English Child’s L2: Spanish Relationship of adult to child: Mother Setting of tapping session: I was able to record Brea on October 15, 2015 in the main building at 199 chambers Street. Borough of Manhattan Community College on the 3rd floor. Brea was with her mom Bethany my cow-worker. After we got out of work , with Bethany permission ,I was able to interview Brea. We were talking like around 10 mania was able to record her for five minutes. Transcript 1. Bethany: Hi Brea!! slow and clear articulation 2. Bethany: What you did today Brea? Asking for information 3.†¦show more content†¦Brea: yeas! answering question 18. Bethany: What kind of candy? asking information 19. Brea: uhhh. 20. Bethany: peanut butter 21. Brea: MM 22. Bethany: Stars Candy? 23. What Color? 24. Brea : Purple 25. Bethany: ok 26. Bethany: ahhh purple repetition 27. Brea: Yes answering question 28. Bethany: Not the red one? expanding child utterances 29. Brea: No. 30. Bethany: What about yellow? expanding child utterances 31. Brea: yellow 32. Bethany: What about MM? asking for preferences 33. Brea: yes answering question 34. Bethany what color ? 35. Brea : yellow Repetition 36. Bethany: Oh my God.. 37. Bethany: I will buy you a candy. Expanding child utterances 38. Bethany: where do you wanna go right now? asking information 39. Brea: I wanna go to the daycare answering question 40. Bethany: Do you want to go to the daycare ? Asking imformation 41. Brea:yeaa 42. Bethany: you don t want to go to grandpa s house? asking information and expanding child utterances 43. Brea: No 44. Bethany: Where do you want to go then? asking information and expanding child utterances 45. Bethany: you don t want to go to the daycare just grandpa s house? repetition 46. Brea: repetition 47. Bethany : where do you want to go tomorrow 48. Brea: Grandpa House on Friday. 49. Bethany: What do you want to eat? 50. Brea: Cereal 51. Bethany: Do you want vegetables? 52. Brea: No 53. Brea: aww 54. Brea: I don’t like them 55. Brea: I want McDonalds 56. Brea: chicken

Exchange rate in Australia free essay sample

A look at how the exchange rate in Australia impacts the countrys economy. This paper examines the exchange rate in Australia and its effects on the overall economy of the country. The author looks at the fluctuations and the economic conditions that impact the exchange rate and the advantages and disadvantages of fixed and floating exchange rates. Prior to December 1971, the value of $A was pegged to the value of the pound sterling. From December 1971 to September 1974, the value of the $A was pegged to the value of the US dollar. From September 1974 to November 1976, the value of the $A was pegged to a trade-weighted index on a basket of currencies. Since November 1976 to December 1983, the exchange rate for Australia dollar was determined by the Trade-Weighted index [TWI], but additional fluctuation was incorporated when economic conditions required them. Unfortunately, the main criticism of the TWI was that it did not make the allowances for capital movements in and out of the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Exchange rate in Australia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page